千年傳承的文明瑰寶

文/五花肉

上兩期，專欄連續(xù)介紹了冷兵器時代的遠(yuǎn)攻利器——弓箭組合。本期，我們聚焦玉石文化，關(guān)注千年傳承的文明瑰寶。

In the last two issues, the column introduced the archery combination, a long-range weapon cold steel war era. In this issue, we focus on jade culture and the treasures of civilization inherited in a thousand years.

玉龍 紅山文化 高76 cm1971年內(nèi)蒙古翁牛特旗三星塔拉出土中國國家博物館藏

玉琮 良渚文化 高4.4 cm，射徑7.5 cm，孔徑6.4 cm1987年瑤山遺址發(fā)掘良渚博物院藏

中國是世界上用玉歷史最悠久的國家，最早的玉石記載，可追溯至新石器時代，享有玉石之國的美譽(yù)。含蓄內(nèi)斂的玉文化，始終被視為中華文明的特殊符號，傳承千年而歷久彌新。

China has the longest history of jade in the world.The earliest history of jade can be traced back to the Neolithic Age and enjoys the reputation of a jade country. The jade culture, which is implicit and restrained, has always been regarded as a special symbol of Chinese civilization and has been passed on for thousands of years and has been renewed for a long time.

嚴(yán)苛禮制彰顯森嚴(yán)等級Norms of Etiquette in Jade Culture

自古以來，玉就被賦予了階級和身份的象征。春秋戰(zhàn)國時期，只有天子有權(quán)享用毫無雜質(zhì)的純玉，公、侯、伯次之，需按職級佩戴不同質(zhì)地、成色的玉器。

Since ancient times, jade has been endowed with the symbol of class and status. During the Spring and Autumn & Warring States Period, only emperors had the right to enjoy pure jade without impurities, followed by Duke, Marquis and Earl,who were required to wear jade of different classes and colors according to the rank.

除了品質(zhì)上的差異，使用玉器的尺寸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也極為嚴(yán)苛。以官員朝聘的信物為例，“王執(zhí)鎮(zhèn)圭（約24 cm）、公執(zhí)桓圭（約18 cm），侯執(zhí)信圭（約14 cm）”，等級森嚴(yán)、一目了然。

In addition to the difference in quality, the size standard of jade articles used was extremely rigorous. Take the tokens of the official's appointment for example, "the king holds Zhen Gui( jadeware of about 24 cm), the duke holds Huan Gui (jadeware of about 18 cm), the marquis holds Xin Gui (jadeware of about 14 cm)", which is hierarchical and obvious.

砣機(jī)進(jìn)化見證技術(shù)革新Evolution of Jade Grinder Witness Technological Innovation

“玉不琢，不成器”，玉石之美離不開精雕細(xì)琢，其中必不可少的專業(yè)工具就是砣機(jī)。

"Jade without carving, will not become a beautiful artifact ", the beauty of jade cannot be separated from fine carving, of which the necessary professional tool is the jade grinder.

絞繩形玉環(huán) 春秋戰(zhàn)國安徽省壽縣小孤堆集出土浙江省博物館藏

青面玉谷紋圭長15.8cm，寬4.8 cm，重169.4 g湖北省博物館藏

玉蟬 西漢后期長4. 8 cm1974年江蘇省盱眙縣東陽七號墓出土南京博物院藏

從最初良渚文化的石制砣機(jī)，到商周王朝的青銅砣機(jī)，再演變?yōu)閮蓾h時期的鐵制砣機(jī)，材質(zhì)的進(jìn)化直接促成了驅(qū)動方式和操作技巧的巨大革新，有了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的設(shè)備和工藝，玉雕效率大幅提升，工藝水平也日臻精細(xì)、純熟，玉器自此開啟了“飛入尋常百姓家”的序幕。

From the original stone jade grinder of Liangzhu culture to the bronze jade grinder of Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and then to the iron jade grinder of Han Dynasty, the evolution of materials directly contributed to the great innovation of driving method and operation skills. With standardized equipment and technology, jade carving efficiency was greatly improved, and the level of technology became more refined and skilled. Since then, jade wares have been popular among ordinary families.

“首德次符”傳承鑒玉標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Inner Virtue is Prior to External Quality

“君子以德比玉”，相比功能性和裝飾性，玉器更被人稱道的是其代表著高潔品德。“首德次符”，也成為玩家愛玉、佩玉、賞玉最具代表性的品鑒標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

Jade represents the virtue of a gentleman.Compared with functionality and decoration, jade is more praised for its noble virtue. "Inner virtue is prior to external quality" became the most representative standard for players to love jade,wear jade and admire jade.

“德”代表溫潤細(xì)膩的內(nèi)涵之美，“符”則指外觀色澤的形制之美。古人將玉德作為衡量玉器價值的先決條件，首重潔白無暇的“品德”，而非絢麗斑斕的皮殼。

Virtue represents the beauty of warm and delicate connotation, while shape refers to the beauty of appearance, color and shape. The ancients regarded jade virtue as a prerequisite for measuring the value of jade wares. They first emphasized the moral character of purity and flawlessness, rather than the gorgeous appearance.

結(jié) 語Conclusion

堅韌、溫潤、細(xì)膩、內(nèi)斂，玉的獨(dú)特品質(zhì)與國人的處世哲學(xué)和人生態(tài)度完美契合，漫長的進(jìn)化演變更折射出國人與時俱進(jìn)的創(chuàng)新和精益求精的追求。讀懂了玉文化，也就讀懂了中華文明的精髓。

Tough, warm, delicate and introverted, jade's unique quality is perfectly consistent with the Chinese philosophy and attitude towards life. The long evolution reflects the people's innovation and pursuit of keeping pace with the times. Understanding the jade culture, we also know more about the essence of Chinese civilization.