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分子表型對乳癌放療后預后影響的研究進展

2019-09-10 07:22:44黃文植何林呂楊宋玉華
青島大學學報(醫學版) 2019年5期
關鍵詞:綜述

黃文植 何林 呂楊 宋玉華

[摘要]放療能降低腫瘤的復發風險、延長癌癥病人的生存時間和提高乳癌的保乳手術率。隨著精準放療技術的進步,人們認識到放療對不同分子分型乳癌的治療效果存在差異,表現為人表皮生長因子受體2(HER2)過表達型乳癌和三陰性乳癌比Luminal A型乳癌具有較高的疾病復發率和較短的生存期,這與它們之間不同的侵襲性、惡性程度和放射敏感性有關。在HER2過表達型乳癌中,核因子κB蛋白能觸發HER2與其啟動子結合,從而導致HER2過表達;此外,上皮細胞間質轉化的誘導和Fak介導通路的調節都是該型乳癌放射敏感性低的原因。相比而言,Luminal A型乳癌的放射敏感性較高,二甲雙胍通過增加活性氧和硫氧還蛋白系統的表達、尼妥珠單抗通過降低表皮生長因子受體的磷酸化水平,誘導細胞凋亡和產生γ-H2AX組蛋白變體,而進一步提高該型乳癌的放射敏感性。

[關鍵詞]放射療法,計算機輔助;乳腺腫瘤;輻射耐受性;綜述

[中圖分類號]R737.9

[文獻標志碼]A

[文章編號] 2096-5532(2019)05-0619-05

doi:10.11712/jms201905029

[開放科學(資源服務)標識碼(OSID)]

放療是乳癌治療的重要措施之一,廣泛應用于保乳手術和全乳切除術的病人。然而大部分病人都不可避免會受放療毒性的困擾,包括疲勞、毛細血管擴張、血管肉瘤、皮膚紅斑以及皮膚表面損傷等[1-3]。根據雌激素受體(ER)、孕激素受體(PR)和人表皮生長因子受體2(HER2)的表達狀態,可將乳癌分為Luminal A型、Luminal B型、HER2過表達型和三陰性乳癌(TNBC)[4]。有研究表明,部分分子亞型的乳癌具有放射拮抗性,它們很難從額外的放療劑量中獲益[5],提示這些分子分型的乳癌可能存在放療的劑量效益梯度。不同亞型的乳癌需要制定個體化的放療方案,以便獲得最好的治療效果和最小的放療毒性。本文對不同分子分型乳癌放療預后和其放射敏感性研究進展進行綜述。

1 不同分子分型乳癌的放療預后

兩項隨機試驗(BCRR試驗[5]和DBCG-82b試驗[6])結果顯示,放療聯合化療可將乳癌的局部區域復發(LRR)率和死亡率分別下降23%~33%和9%~29%。這些結果對放療在乳癌中的臨床應用產生了深遠的指導意義。乳癌病人接受系統性治療后的疾病復發中位時間可能是2~4年,也可能推遲到5~8年[7-9],原因是由于不同分子分型乳癌之間的腫瘤生物學特性存在差異。有研究表明,HER2過表達型乳癌和TNBC的腫瘤復發率是Luminal型乳癌的2~3倍,而且它們的腫瘤侵襲性相對更強,存活率相對較低[10-12]。TNBC病人在開始發病的2~3年內發生遠處轉移(DM)的風險顯著高于其他分子亞型乳癌,所以其預后最差[13]。為了探討放療對不同分子亞型乳癌的治療效果是否相同,MAO等[14]從METABRIC和TCGA數據庫中分別收集了1 974例和971例乳癌病人的數據,來比較不同分子分型乳癌放療后的生存情況。對METABRIC數據庫中的病例分析發現,放療顯著延長了Luminal A型乳癌的總生存期(OS),但沒有延長Luminal B型乳癌、HER2過表達型乳癌以及TNBC病人的OS;對TCGA數據庫的數據分析發現,放療顯著延長了TNBC病人的OS,并且有延長Luminal A型乳癌OS的趨勢(P=0.053),但未改善Luminal B亞型和HER2過表達型乳癌的OS。最后他們將兩個數據庫的數據整合在一起進行匯總分析,結果顯示放療顯著延長了Luminal A型乳癌和TNBC病人的OS。以上結果表明,放療對不同分子亞型乳癌的治療效果有顯著的差異性。

在接受保乳手術的病人中,HER2過表達型乳癌(未使用曲妥珠單抗)和TNBC的LRR率明顯高于Luminal 型乳癌[10,15]。2012年,一項納入15項臨床研究的Meta分析系統地評估了保乳手術和乳房切除術后不同分子亞型乳癌的LRR 率[16],結果表明,TNBC和HER2過表達型乳癌(未使用曲妥珠單抗)的LRR率是Luminal型乳癌的2倍以上。近年來,由于曲妥珠單抗的使用,HER2過表達型乳癌的LRR率已得到了明顯的降低[17]。

但是TNBC由于缺乏有效的靶向藥物,其LRR率依然較高,因此研發有效的TNBC靶向治療藥物十分必要。

傳統的全乳照射(CWBI)是大多數有保乳資格和保乳意愿的早期乳癌(ESBC)和導管原位癌(DCIS)病人廣泛采用的標準放療模式,它能顯著降低浸潤性乳癌和非浸潤性乳癌病人的局部復發風險[7,18-21]。目前,加速性部分乳房照射(APBI)由于具有相對較短的治療時程、良好的局部控制[22]和較低的放療毒性等優點,逐步成為CWBI的替代方案[23]。美國近距離治療協會制定了APBI治療乳癌病人的選擇標準:①年齡≥45歲;②腫瘤直徑≤3 cm;③淋巴結陰性;④淋巴管間隙非侵襲性;⑤所有侵襲性分子表型和DCIS;⑥外科手術切緣陰性[24]。

近年來,比較不同分子亞型乳癌接受APBI治療的預后是一個熱門的研究課題。2016年,BEN等[25]對 278例接受APBI的ESBC病人進行5年隨訪,結果顯示,不同分子亞型乳癌之間的同側乳腺腫瘤復發(IBTR)、局部復發(LR)、DM、局部淋巴結復發、OS、無病生存期(DFS)以及病因特異性生存期(CSS)差異均無統計學意義,認為分子亞型不是影響ESBC接受APBI預后的關鍵因素。PASHTAN等[26]對98例接受三維共形外束APBI的ESBC病人的預后進行多因素分析,結果顯示TNBC是不利的5年IBTR的唯一影響因素。這兩項研究結果不一致原因可能是因為后者中大多數TNBC病人都在放療前接受了化療,從而推遲放療的開始時間所致。

有研究認為,50歲以上的乳癌病人接受APBI后,其中HER2過表達亞型的5年IBTR和5年區域淋巴結復發(RNR)風險都高于其他分子亞型乳癌病人,而Luminal A型乳癌的5年IBTR風險最低[27]。相似的結果在多導管APBI(mAPBI)[28]和單入導管APBI(sAPBI)[29]的臨床試驗中得到了進一步驗證。在mAPBI試驗中,HER2過表達狀態與較短的DFS、CSS和OS有顯著的相關性;在sAPBI試驗中,HER2過表達型乳癌病人的5年IBTR和TNBC的5年RNR均明顯高于Lumina A型乳癌。綜上所述,接受APBI后,HER2過表達型乳癌和TNBC的臨床預后都明顯比Lumina A型乳癌要差。

在保乳手術后聯合CWBI的早期研究中,50.0 Gy的輻射劑量通常以25個分割、2.0 Gy的單日劑量歷時5周的時間來完成[20,30]。放射生物學模型研究表明,給予更大的單日劑量、歷經更少分割次數的低分割全乳照射(HWBI)具有與CWBI相近的預后結果,可以將其作為CWBI的有效替代方案[31]。此外,HWBI還有實施更方便、費用更低廉、LR率更低和放療毒性更少的優點[32-34]。2002年,一項隨機對照試驗將接受過保乳手術的腋窩淋巴結陰性乳癌病人1∶1隨機分配到HWBI放療模式組和CWBI放療模式組,5年的隨訪結果顯示兩組病人的LR率相同(均為3%),同時反映放療毒性的外觀效果也相似[35]??紤]到放療毒性會隨著照射時間的延長而增加[36],因此大多數乳癌病人更傾向于接受HWBI。然而研究顯示,HWBI在晚期乳癌病人中的療效比不上CWBI,具體表現為接受HWBI的病人較接受CWBI病人的DFS要短、DM風險要高[37-38]。

既往一項包含752例老年乳癌病人(年齡≥65歲)接受HWBI放療模式治療的臨床研究顯示, TNBC的5年DFS顯著低于其他分子亞型乳癌,但是不同分子分型乳癌之間的5年LRR卻沒有差異,單因素和多因素分析的結果均表明,HER2過表達型乳癌和TNBC的疾病復發均明顯高于Luminal型乳癌[39]。因此,HWBI 在 Luminal型乳癌中的應用前景要比在HER2過表達型乳癌和 TNBC中好。

2 不同分子亞型乳癌內在的放射敏感性

電離輻射可直接激活腫瘤細胞中的表皮生長因子受體(EGFR)家族,2.0 Gy的重復照射增強了EGFR在HER2過表達型乳癌中的表達,提示HER2過表達狀態有影響放射敏感性的潛在生物學作用[40]。由于HER2過表達型乳癌的放射敏感性較低,接受全乳切除術聯合術后放療的病人普遍表現出較高的LRR率和較短的生存期[11,16,41-43]。許多研究正逐步揭示HER2過表達型乳癌低放射敏感性的確切機制。①核因子κB蛋白可啟動HER2與其啟動子結合,從而導致HER2過表達[44]。②HER2過表達型乳癌的低放射敏感性與其腫瘤干細胞有關,并可能通過上皮細胞的間質轉化(EMT)誘導。因為在轉移性的HER2過表達型乳癌腫瘤中可檢測到一種名為β-連環鏈蛋白的物質,它是參與EMT過程的重要分子[45-49]。③Fak介導途徑在調節HER2過表達型乳癌的放射拮抗中發揮著關鍵作用,抑制本途徑可獲得非常好的臨床療效[50-53]。

一些前臨床研究和臨床研究通過靶向治療乳癌的EGFR,取得了良好的抗癌效果,并且副作用輕微[54-55]。下調EGFR活性及其下游的PI3K-AKT和RAS-MAPK信號通路會增加輻射誘導的細胞毒效應,從而抑制腫瘤的增殖、遠處轉移以及腫瘤血管生成[56-57]。尼妥珠單抗是IgG1的人源化單克隆抗體,能夠阻斷Luminal A亞型乳癌中EGF、TGF-α和其他配體與EGFR的結合[58],從而抑制DNA-PKCs的功能,增強該型乳癌的放射敏感性[59]。尼妥珠單抗引起的Luminal A型乳癌放射敏感性增加還與EGFR磷酸化水平降低、細胞凋亡的誘導及γ-H2AX組蛋白變體(輻射誘導的DNA解雙螺旋的一個重要指標)生成有關[59]。

硫氧還蛋白系統(Trx)是控制細胞氧化還原調節的核心酶家族成員之一,能夠影響放療對腫瘤細胞的作用[60]。AMPK-FOXO3途徑可以降低人原代主動脈內皮細胞參與氧化還原調節的活性氧簇(ROS)水平,二甲雙胍可通過該途徑來上調Luminal型乳癌中Trx的表達,并能激活AMPK和抑制mTOR,從而增強該型乳癌的放療敏感性[61]。此外,二甲雙胍還能顯著延長患有糖尿病的Luminal亞型乳癌病人的CSS,但對TNBC無效[55]。究其原因是因為二甲雙胍能改變Luminal A亞型乳癌的ROS水平和Trx的表達,但對于TNBC則沒有這種作用[62]。

3 小結

無論乳癌病人選擇何種放療模式,其中以Lumina A亞型乳癌的治療效果最好,而HER2過表達型乳癌和TNBC則相對較差。究其原因,除了后兩種乳癌亞型具有更強的侵襲性和更高的惡性程度外,也與它們之間不同的放射敏感性有關。其中,HER2過表達型乳癌的放射敏感性比較低,而Lumina A型乳癌的放射敏感性較高。并且二甲雙胍和尼妥珠單抗能進一步增加Luminal A型乳癌的放射敏感性。

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(本文編輯 黃建鄉)

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