李燕群
【摘 要】寫作教學是初中英語教學的重點和難點。運用板塊式教學,對學生進行擴寫、縮寫、擴寫與縮寫相結合的訓練,有利于培養學生的語感,提升學生的寫作水平。擴寫、縮寫、擴縮句子三大板塊相輔相成,構成統一的系統,能夠促進學生寫作能力的提升。
【關鍵詞】板塊式教學;初中英語;寫作教學
板塊式教學作為一種有效的教學模式,已經在初中英語教學中得到了廣泛的推廣和應用。實踐證明,在初中英語寫作教學中運用板塊式教學,能讓學生更好地掌握寫作技能,提高寫作教學的效率。
根據教學的需要,我們可以將初中英語寫作分為三大板塊:擴寫板塊、縮寫板塊及擴縮修改板塊。通過這三大板塊之間的關聯教學,整合相關的語言學習內容,循序漸進,有利于系統地訓練學生的語感,提升學生的寫作水平。
一、擴寫:豐富學生的表達基礎
從語法上看,句子是自成體系的單位,它由詞或句法上有關連的短語構成。不少學生的英語基礎不扎實,主要是因為他們的詞匯量少,對于句子的結構掌握得不好。要讓他們學會表達,寫好英語作文,首先便要教會他們有關句式的基礎語法知識,通過相應的板塊學習,幫助他們重現各種句子的結構知識,如簡單句、祈使句、反意疑問句、選擇疑問句,以及各種復合句的基本類型和句法特點,這是進行所有板塊式教學模式的基礎。在充分了解并掌握這些句子的結構和樣式之后,就可以進行擴寫句子板塊模式的操練了。
在擴寫板塊的訓練中,首先要從簡單句開始,讓學生從不同角度,增加簡單句的其他各個成分,在不刪除原句單詞的基礎上擴充句子。
以“I am a student”為例,基礎較差的學生在開始時,只會擴成簡單句,比如:I am a good student. 或 I am a good student in class. 或I am a good student in class 3.這時,教師就可以有目的地引導學生向并列句上靠攏。比如:I am a good student and I am 13 years old.緊接著,再引導學生加入插入語,把這樣普通的并列句改寫成比較復雜的句式。比如:I,a 13-year-old boy,am a good student in class 3.或I,like other boys,am a good student in class3.接著,再引導學生朝著句子結構的變化入手,讓學生學會由簡單句向復雜句過渡。比如:還可以引導學生把“I am a student”擴寫成:Although I am a good student, I want to be the top.
由此,由一個簡單句“I am a student”變化為各式各樣的句子,學生逐漸在擴寫句子板塊模式中,了解了句式和句法的內容,豐富了表達的基礎,從而掌握了寫作技能,提升了表達能力。
二、縮寫:鞏固學生的表達技巧
在學生掌握好擴寫句子板塊模式之后,就需要進行逆向教學,即進行縮寫句子板塊模式的訓練。讓學生逐步地縮寫句子,最后縮成一個簡單句,這既是對學生所學擴寫句子板塊模式的一種檢測方式,也是提升學生運用各種句式能力的方式。它需要學生在充分掌握并洞察句子樣式的基礎上,靈活地進行語言的縮減,這既是逆向思維,也是知識的升華和提煉,有利于鞏固學生的表達技巧。
以8A課文“We should protect the wetlands not only because they are home to many plants, birds and animals, but also because they are important to the health of people all over the world”為例,讓學生縮寫句子。在這個句子里,學生如果能理解:這是一個由because引導的原因狀語從句,且在這個原因狀語從句里又含有一個以“not only……but also”引導的并列句,那么學生就能在這個復合句中,很容易地找出真正的主句為“We should protect the wetlands”。
如果學生對這個句子的語法特點一知半解,在進行縮寫句子的模式訓練中,就會出現各類錯誤甚至鬧笑話。有學生把句子最終縮寫成“They are home to many plants, birds and animals.”也有縮寫成“They are important to the health of people.”還有縮寫成“We should protect the wetlands.”真可謂無奇不有。
而這個復合句的句子逐步縮寫,應該如下:
We should protect the wetlands not only because they are home to many plants, birds and animals, but also because they are important to the heath of people all over the world.
We should protect the wetlands not only because they are home to many plants, birds and animals, but also because they are important to the heath of people.
We should protect the wetlands not only because they are home, but also because they are important.
We should protect the wetlands because they are home and they are important.
We should protect the wetlands.
由此可見,縮寫句子板塊模式不僅能使學生在縮寫過程中,重現對各種句式結構的理解,還能讓教師準確地找出學生作文中的不足。
三、擴縮句子:作文修改階段的升華
學生寫出的作文,往往簡單句居多,且句子的主語常常一樣,這類毛病在基礎不太好的學生那里是很常見的。若要讓這些學生的句子出現多樣化,那么,他們作文里句子的修改及裝飾則顯得尤為重要。
下面以一篇學生作文為例,來談談擴縮句子板塊模式,對作文句子的修改是否起點睛作用。
假設你是一名中學生,名叫田梅。你從南京青奧會英文網站上獲悉他們正在招收志愿者,你想給組委會寫一封英文自薦信。內容提示見下表:
參考詞匯:新城中學(New Town Middle School)志愿者工作(voluntary work)2014無錫國際馬拉松賽(the 2014 Wuxi International Marathon)
學生的習作可能會寫成:
Dear Sir and Madam,
I am a Grade 9 student in New Town Middle School,I am sixteen years old. I am energetic, easy-going and patient. I can speak English well. I am good at working with others.
In April, 2014, I became a volunteer for the 2014 Wuxi International Marathon. It is a wonderful experience. I believe I would be a better volunteer in the future, too.
I look forward to hearing from you soon.
Yours sincerely,
Tian Mei
修改建議:把I am a Grade 9 student in New Town Middle school, I am sixteen years old合成一個句子,可以縮改為一個句子, 即:I, a 16-year-old girl, am a Grade 9 student in New Town Middle school.
I can speak English well. I am good at working with others.可以中間加個and,擴成并列句,即I can speak English well and I am good at working with others.
It is a wonderful experience.可以擴寫成復合句:It is a wonderful experience that I will never forget.
I believe I would be a better volunteer in the future, too.寫法普通,可以把too改為Also, 作為連貫詞放在句首,即:Also, I believe I would be a better volunteer in the future.
最終定稿可以如下:
I , a 16-year-old girl, am a Grade 9 student in New Town Middle School. I am energetic, easy-going and patient. I can speak English well and I am good at working with others.
I have done some voluntary work before. In April,2014, I became a volunteer for the 2014 Wuxi International Marathon. It is a wonderful experience that I will never forget. Also, I believe I would be a better volunteer in the future.
I look forward to hearing from you soon.
Yours sincerely,
Tian Mei
在進行擴縮句子模式教學之后,學生們明顯同意這篇文章被添色了不少。裝飾句子、擴充句子、縮寫句子,應在適當的情況下,做出適當的處理。擴寫句子板塊、縮寫句子板塊、擴縮句子板塊,這三大板塊教學共同服務于學生的英語作文,它們相輔相成,缺一不可。