苗爭鳴

摘 ? 要:目前生物識(shí)別技術(shù)已成為鑒別身份的重要手段。美國聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局依托科學(xué)與技術(shù)處(STB)下屬的刑事司法信息服務(wù)司(CJIS)、實(shí)驗(yàn)室司(LD)和運(yùn)營技術(shù)司(OTD)三個(gè)部門,開展了生物識(shí)別的數(shù)據(jù)共享、試驗(yàn)測試和運(yùn)營工作。信息技術(shù)處(ITB),也為聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局的生物識(shí)別工作,提供了軟件和硬件技術(shù)支持。聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局擁有海量數(shù)據(jù)庫,構(gòu)建了國內(nèi)外共享的數(shù)據(jù)平臺(tái),其部分技術(shù)依賴商業(yè)公司的外包,并以服務(wù)執(zhí)法實(shí)踐為目的。文章分析了美國應(yīng)用生物識(shí)別技術(shù)應(yīng)用存在的問題,對(duì)中國發(fā)展生物識(shí)別技術(shù)具有借鑒意義。
關(guān)鍵詞:美國;聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局;生物識(shí)別;應(yīng)用;反思
中圖分類號(hào):D815.5 ? ? ? ? ?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A
Abstract: Biometrics has become an important tool for identification in the data age. The United States applies the most advanced biometrics to the law enforcement in FBI, The Department of Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS), the Laboratory Division (LD), and the Operations Technology Division (OTD), are under the leadership of Science and Technology Branch (STB), conduct data sharing and testing programs of biometrics. The Information Technology Branch (ITB) provides software and hardware to support biometrics in FBI. we can conclude that the FBI has a massive database and has built a shared data mechanism at home and abroad. Some technologies rely on the commercial companies. Analyze the problems and challenges faced by the United States, like the infringement of personal privacy, will inspire the application of biometrics in China.
Key words: United States; FBI biometrics; application; introspection
1 引言
生物識(shí)別技術(shù)已成為數(shù)據(jù)化時(shí)代身份鑒別的重要工具。生物識(shí)別是基于個(gè)人指紋、面部輪廓、虹膜、聲音、掌紋、步態(tài)、靜脈以及基因信息的特征,進(jìn)行生物身份匹配和識(shí)別的技術(shù)。當(dāng)前生物識(shí)別已在國家安防、交通出行、商業(yè)交易授權(quán)、移動(dòng)設(shè)備身份確認(rèn)及電子支付等領(lǐng)域普及。相比傳統(tǒng)的認(rèn)證手段,生物識(shí)別具有不可篡改的唯一性特征,成為各國重點(diǎn)關(guān)注的技術(shù)領(lǐng)域。生物識(shí)別并非新技術(shù),但是隨著計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)、大數(shù)據(jù)以及人工智能的發(fā)展,生物識(shí)別技術(shù)正在被大規(guī)模地使用。美國將最先進(jìn)的生物識(shí)別技術(shù)運(yùn)用到聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局實(shí)踐執(zhí)法中,其借助生物識(shí)別技術(shù),保障了美國免受恐怖分子、別國情報(bào)部門、網(wǎng)絡(luò)科技公司和跨國機(jī)構(gòu)的入侵。但是,其也面臨公民隱私受到侵犯,政府過度收集生物信息,數(shù)據(jù)泄露風(fēng)險(xiǎn)劇增等問題?!?br>