王為強+宇輝+趙賓
[摘要] 目的 探討ABCD2評分法和ABC2D2評分法對短暫性腦缺血發作(TIA)后卒中風險的預測價值。 方法 分別按照ABCD2評分、ABC2D2評分法將安徽醫科大學附屬宿州市立醫院2014年3月~2016年9月收治的139例TIA患者分為低危、中危、高危三組,并觀察7 d、1年之內的腦卒中發生率,評價兩種評分對TIA患者進行卒中風險的分層能力;通過ROC曲線下面積比較兩種評分對TIA后7 d、1年內發生腦卒中風險的預測價值。 結果 按ABCD2評分分為低危組(0~3分)37例、中危組(4~5分)86例和高危組(6~7分)16例,其7 d內發生腦卒中風險概率分別為5.41%、26.74%和56.25%,其1年內發生腦卒中風險概率分別為13.51%、40.70%和68.75%,差異均有統計學意義(P < 0.05)。按ABC2D2評分分為低危組(0~3分)24例、中危組(4~6分)78例和高危組(7~9分)37例,其7 d內發生腦卒中風險概率分別為0.00%、16.67%和56.76%,其1年內發生腦卒中風險概率分別為4.17%、30.77%和70.27%,差異均有統計學意義(P < 0.05)。ABC2D2評分法預測TIA患者7 d(1年)內腦卒中風險的ROC曲線下面積均高于ABCD2,差異均有統計學意義(P < 0.05)。 結論 ABC2D2評分法的預測價值高于ABCD2評分法,是預測TIA后卒中風險的一種比較有效的方法。
[關鍵詞] 短暫性腦缺血發作;腦卒中;ABCD2;ABC2D2;預測
[中圖分類號] R743 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2017)12(b)-0054-04
[Abstract] Objective To explore the predictive value of ABCD2 criteria and ABC2D2 criteria method for stroke risk in transient ischemic attack (TIA). Methods One hundred and thirty-nine patients with TIA from March 2014 to September 2016 in Suzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University were divided into low risk, moderate risk and high risk group according to ABCD2 and ABC2D2 criteria, the incidence of stroke in 7 d and 1 year was observed. The stratification of the risk of stroke risk in patients with TIA was evaluated. The prediction value of the risk of stroke in 7 d, 1 year after TIA was compared under the ROC curve (AUC). Results According to the ABCD2 criteria, the patients were divided into 37 cases of low-risk group (0-3 points), 86 cases of middle-risk group (4-5 points) and 16 cases of high-risk group (6-7 points). The risk of stroke in 7 days was 5.41%, 26.74% and 56.25%, the risk of stroke in 1 year was 13.51%, 40.70% and 68.75%, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). According to the ABC2D2 criteria, the patients were divided into 24 cases of low-risk group (0-3 points), 78 cases of middle-risk group (4-6 points) and 37 cases of high-risk group (7-9 points). The risk of stroke in 7 d was 0.00%, 16.67% and 56.76%, the risk of stroke in 1 year was 4.17%, 30.77% and 70.27%, the differences were statistically significance (P < 0.05). ABC2D2 criteria were used to predict that the area of the ROC curve of the risk of stroke in patients with TIA in 7 d (1 year) was higher than that of ABCD2, the differences were statistically significance (P < 0.05). Conclusion The prediction value of ABC2D2 criteria is higher than that of the ABCD2 scoring method, which is a more effective method to predict the risk of stroke after TIA.endprint
[Key words] Transient ischemic attack; Stroke; ABCD2; ABC2D2; Prediction
短暫性腦缺血發作(TIA)具有較高的卒中危險性,是臨床常見病癥。目前常用ABCD2評分法預測對TIA后短期卒中危險,一般在2~90 d,而應用ABC2D2評分法對TIA后的長期卒中危險的評價研究相對較少[1-2]。近年研究表明頸動脈粥樣硬化是TIA后卒中的獨立危險因素[3-4]。因此將ABCD2+頸動脈粥樣硬化(ABCD2+carotid atherosclerosise,ABC2D2)聯合應用于臨床,對宿州市立醫院(以下簡稱“我院”)治療的TIA患者共139例進行了為期1年的隨訪,觀察其對TIA后7 d、1年內發生腦卒中的預測價值。現報道如下:
1 對象與方法
1.1 研究對象
選擇2014年3月~2016年9月在我院治療的139例TIA患者,其中,男89例,女50例,年齡34~80歲,平均(61±5)歲。
納入標準:①2009年6月美國心臟協會(AHA)/美國卒中協會(ASA)發表科學聲明中的定義[5],且經頭顱MRI證實;②年齡≥18歲;③均完成頸部血管彩超檢查。排除標準:①其他非血管性原因如腦腫瘤、腦外傷、顱內感染性疾病等造成的類TIA發作;②不能行頭顱MRI患者;③不能配合完成1年隨訪者。
1.2 頸動脈粥樣硬化檢查
頸動脈粥樣硬化檢查由專門的血管超聲醫生完成。頸動脈內膜至中層厚度>1.2 mm,為動脈粥樣硬化斑塊形成,此為斑塊組,達不到上述標準為無斑塊組。根據回聲高低將斑塊組分為軟斑、混合斑及硬斑。其中硬斑為穩定斑塊,軟斑和混合性斑塊為不穩定斑塊。頸動脈狹窄程度評估:找出最大斑塊,用最大斑塊的橫截面積/該處血管的橫截面積×100%,所得值為頸動脈狹窄程度。
1.3 ABC2D2評分法
ABCD2評分法及ABC2D2評分法的評分標準見表1。依據ABCD2評分將TIA患者分為高危(6~7分)、中危(4~5分)、低危(0~3分)三組;依據ABC2D2評分將TIA患者分為高危(7~9分)、中危(4~6分)、低危(0~3分)三組。
1.4 腦卒中的評估方法
采取電話隨訪和門診隨訪的形式,以病程7 d、1年為時間點按照第四屆腦血管病學術會議通過的診斷標準觀察患者是否發生腦卒中(包括缺血性腦卒中和出血性腦卒中)。
1.5 統計學方法
應用統計軟件SPSS 17.0進行統計。兩種評分法的臨床價值比較應用受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線下面積(AUC),并進行Z檢驗。計數資料組間分析用χ2檢驗。以P < 0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 ABCD2評分和ABC2D2評分不同危險組中TIA患者7 d、1年內腦卒中風險
139例TIA患者7 d內發生腦卒中者34例,占總病例數的24.46%;1年內發生腦卒中者51例,占總病例數的36.69%。依據ABCD2評分,低危、中危、高危組7 d、1年內發生腦卒中的發生率呈升高趨勢,且差異有統計學意義(P < 0.05)。依據ABC2D2評分,低危、中危、高危組7 d、1年內發生腦卒中的發生率呈升高趨勢,且差異有統計學意義(P < 0.05)。見表2。
2.2 ABCD2、ABC2D2評分法預測TIA患者7 d、1年內腦卒中風險的臨床價值比較
ABCD2、ABC2D2評分法預測TIA患者7 d內腦卒中風險的ROC曲線下面積(95%CI)分別為0.692(0.586~0.797)和0.848(0.783~0.913)(Z = 2.465,P = 0.014,圖1)。ABCD2、ABC2D2評分法預測TIA患者1年內腦卒中風險的ROC曲線下面積(95%CI)分別為0.696(0.605~0.787)和0.893(0.841~0.944)(Z = 3.728, P = 0.000,圖2)。
3 討論
TIA后卒中風險明顯增高,本研究發現139例TIA患者7 d內發生腦卒中風險為24.46%;1年內發生腦卒中風險為36.69%。這遠高于國內外研究報道[6-16],其原因可能與本研究對象以住院患者為主,且病情相對較重。建立TIA后卒中風險的預測評估模型有利于對TIA患者的管理,指導臨床醫生采取更積極有效的預防策略,從而降低TIA后的卒中風險。
本研究發現ABCD2評分法不但可預測TIA后短期(7 d)卒中風險,還可預測TIA后長期(1年)卒中風險,根據ABCD2評分將患者分為低危、中危、高危組,7 d(1年)內發生腦卒中的風險均呈明顯升高趨勢,且有顯著差異(P < 0.05)。這表明對TIA高?;颊卟粌H要加強急性期的治療,還要加強二級預防,但ABCD2評分法預測7 d及1年卒中風險的ROC曲線下面積均在0.7以下,預測價值較低,有待進一步改良。
有研究認為動脈硬化不穩定斑塊及血管狹窄是TIA進展至腦梗死的主要病因之一[17-19]。腦血流中的微栓子主要來源于斑塊,尤其是不穩定斑塊,更容易脫落形成微栓子,血管源性的微栓子脫落,阻塞小動脈出現缺血而表現為TIA或腦梗死。血管輕度狹窄對腦供血影響較小,當狹窄超過50%甚至70%以上,則會影響血流動力學,導致低灌注性TIA的發生[20]。目前普遍認為頸動脈粥樣病變是腦出血的病變基礎[21]。故ABCD2評分結合患者頸動脈粥樣硬化有可能進一步提高預測的準確性。本研究驗證了這一推測,結果發現ABC2D2評分法預測7 d及1年卒中風險的ROC曲線下面積均分別明顯高于ABCD2評分法(P < 0.05)。同時根據ABC2D2評分法將患者分為低危、中危、高危組,7 d(1年)內發生腦卒中的風險也呈明顯升高趨勢(P < 0.05)。故ABC2D2評分法是臨床上預測TIA患者短期腦卒中風險的一種比較有效的方法,且優于ABCD2評分法。endprint
目前頸部血管彩超檢查已在基層廣泛普及。根據本研究結果,對TIA患者一定要行頸部血管彩超檢查,聯合應用ABCD2對所有的TIA患者進行評分,對高?;颊卟扇「e極有效的治療和二級預防策略。本研究存在一些局限性,首先本研究樣本量較小,隨訪時間相對較短,其次所有患者雖在住院期間接受了規范的急性期治療,出院后部分患者依從性差,未采用規范合理的二級預防治療,這可能會影響卒中發生率。因此,本研究結果尚需進一步研究證實。
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(收稿日期:2017-10-18 本文編輯:張瑜杰)endprint