可 焱,鄭 凌
(陜西省西安市第四醫院麻醉科,陜西 西安 710004)
妊娠期高血壓疾病患者無痛分娩中麻醉應用效果比較
可 焱,鄭 凌
(陜西省西安市第四醫院麻醉科,陜西 西安 710004)
目的探討低濃度舒芬太尼復合0.1%羅哌卡因腰硬聯合麻醉(CSEA)+自控硬膜外鎮痛泵(PCEA)在妊娠期高血壓疾病患者無痛分娩中的應用效果。方法選擇陜西省西安市第四醫院2016年6月至2017年2月119例妊娠期高血壓疾病產婦隨機分為3組,先椎管內單純預注不同濃度的舒芬太尼,A組37例0μg/mL、B組42例0.4μg/mL、C組40例0.6μg/mL,后用舒芬太尼復合0.1%羅哌卡因行PCEA。比較三組鎮痛前、鎮痛后10min、20min、30min視覺模擬評分(VAS)評分,第一、二產程的時間及血壓變化,產后1h內出血量,剖宮產率,先兆子癇和不良反應發生率及新生兒Apgar評分。結果三組鎮痛后各時間點VAS評分比較差異均有統計學意義(F值分別為6.138、10.142、3.341、5.883,均Plt;0.05),B組鎮痛后10min、20minVAS評分與A組比較差異均有統計學意義(t值分別為3.525、9.418,均Plt;0.05),鎮痛后30min、宮口開全與A組比較差異無統計學意義(Pgt;0.05);C組鎮痛后10min、20min、30min VAS評分與A組差異有統計學意義(t值分別為5.376、13.650、2.365,均Plt;0.05),宮口開全與A組比較差異無統計學意義(Pgt;0.05);B組與C組鎮痛后各時間點比較差異均無統計學意義(均Pgt;0.05)。三組第一產程收縮壓、舒張壓比較差異均有統計學意義(F分別為7.119、6.202,均Plt;0.05),B、C組與A組比較差異均有統計學意義(t值分別為12.989、7.536;13.650、6.281,均Plt;0.05),B組與C組比較差異均無統計學意義(均Pgt;0.05);三組第二產程收縮壓、舒張壓比較差異均有統計學意義(F分別為6.703、5.113,均Plt;0.05),B、C組與A組比較差異均有統計學意義(t值分別為6.938、8.627;7.489、7.343,均Plt;0.05),B組與C組比較差異均無統計學意義(t值分別為0.115、0.042,均Pgt;0.05)。三組第一、二產程時間、產后1h內出血量比較差異均有統計學意義(F值分別為2.572、4.589、2.664,均Plt;0.05),且剖宮產率比較差異有統計學意義(χ2=8.438,Plt;0.05),A組均最高。C組惡心嘔吐發生率均明顯高于A、B組(χ2值分別為7.112、5.319,均Plt;0.05),瘙癢發生率明顯高于A、B組(χ2值分別為3.902、6.794,均Plt;0.05)。結論妊娠期高血壓疾病患者分娩鎮痛以0.1%羅哌卡因復合舒芬太尼0.4μg/mL為最佳,不僅鎮痛效果好,而且可有效維持血壓平穩、縮短產程進展,降低剖宮產率,減少不良反應。
舒芬太尼;羅哌卡因;腰硬聯合麻醉;自控硬膜外鎮痛泵;妊娠期高血壓疾病
蛛網膜下腔阻滯(腰麻)+硬脊膜外腔阻滯(聯合麻醉)(combined spinal and epidural anesthesia,CSEA)是目前比較推崇的一種分娩鎮痛方法,既具有腰麻起效迅速、神經阻滯完善的優點,又具有聯合麻醉可持續給藥鎮痛的優點[1]。羅哌卡因是常用的局麻藥物,但高濃度羅哌卡因的不良反應較多,0.1%羅哌卡因可大大減少不良反應,然而鎮痛效果降低,產婦往往在第二產程有加藥的訴求[2]。舒芬太尼是一種新型強效的阿片類鎮痛藥,目前鞘內注射舒芬太尼已被成功應用于無痛分娩。0.1%羅哌卡因復合舒芬太尼已成為無痛分娩的優選。妊娠期高血壓疾病屬于產科嚴重并發癥,中、重度妊娠期高血壓疾病患者在進入產程活躍期后容易出現大幅度的血壓波動,為保險起見常選擇剖宮產終止妊娠,但部分學者指出妊娠期高血壓疾病患者通過自控硬膜外鎮痛泵(patient-controlled epidural analgesic pump,PCEA)手段可縮短產程,無需增加剖宮產的負擔[3]。為此,本研究探討了舒芬太尼伍用羅哌卡因CSEA+PCEA對妊娠期高血壓疾病患者的影響及其量效關系,為妊娠期高血壓疾病終止妊娠的方式提供參考,報告如下。
1.1一般資料
選擇陜西省西安市第四醫院2016年6月至2017年2月119例妊娠期高血壓疾病產婦,入選標準:①單胎、頭位、足月初產婦;②美國麻醉醫師協會(American Society of anesthesiologists,ASA)Ⅰ~Ⅱ級;③無產科高危因素;④無麻醉禁忌證;⑤無肝、腎、電解質異常;⑥既往無鎮痛、催眠藥應用史;⑦簽署知情同意書。排除明顯頭盆不稱、產前出現子癇者。隨機分為三組,A組37例,年齡25.4±4.1歲,體重66.2±17.3kg,孕周38.2±0.5周,輕度6例,中度22例,重度9例;B組42例,年齡26.9±5.5歲,體重65.0±14.2kg,孕周38.0±0.7周,輕度8例,中度25例,重度9例;C組40例,年齡26.1±5.2歲,體重67.0±16.2kg,孕周38.0±0.9周,輕度8例,中度26例,重度6例;三組孕婦年齡、體重、孕周及病情程度差異均無統計學意義(均Pgt;0.05)。
1.2方法
入待產室后常規開放上肢靜脈,連接監護儀,當宮口開大3cm時均行腰硬聯合麻醉,于L3~4椎間隙硬膜外穿刺刺入蛛網膜下腔,先椎管內單純預注不同濃度的舒芬太尼(注冊證號:H20100124,2010-02-11),A組0μgL,B組0.4μg/mL,C組0.6μg/mL。產婦改平臥位約30min后連接硬膜外自控鎮痛泵,輸注0.1%羅哌卡因(注冊證號:H20100106,2010-02-11)100mL復合舒芬太尼40μg混合液,輸注速率4mL/h,鎖定時間10min。產婦在分娩過程中可根據疼痛行自控鎮痛,控制麻醉阻滯平面在T10以下,宮口開全時停止給藥。
1.3觀察指標
連續監測產婦的血壓、呼吸、心率、脈搏血氧飽和度及胎心率,根據產程進展觀察宮頸口大小變化,記錄第一、二產程時間,產后1h內出血量,剖宮產例數,先兆子癇發生例數、不良反應及新生兒1min Apgar評分。分別在鎮痛前、鎮痛后10min、20min、30min采用視覺模擬評分(visual simulation score,VAS)評估疼痛程度,0~2分無明顯疼痛,2~4分輕度疼痛,4~6分中度疼痛,6~10分重度疼痛,10分劇痛。
1.4 統計學方法

2.1組間各時點VAS評分比較
三組鎮痛前VAS評分比較差異無統計學意義(F=0.371,Pgt;0.05)。鎮痛后各時間點VAS評分較鎮痛前差異均有統計學意義(均Plt;0.05):A組鎮痛后各時間點與鎮痛前比較差異均有統計學意義(t值分別為12.494、17.236、28.131、28.937,均Plt;0.05);B組鎮痛后各時間點與鎮痛前比較差異均有統計學意義(t值分別為10.081、19.623、23.375、24.496,均Plt;0.05);C組鎮痛后各時間點與鎮痛前比較差異均有統計學意義(t值分別為10.933、19.623、21.403、20.669,均Plt;0.05);B組鎮痛后10min、20min與A組比較差異均有統計學意義(t值分別為3.525、9.418,均Plt;0.05),鎮痛后30min、宮口開全與A組比較差異均無統計學意義(t值分別為0.417、0.773,均Pgt;0.05);C組鎮痛后10min、20min、30min與A組比較差異均有統計學意義(t值分別為5.376、13.650、2.365,均Plt;0.05),宮口開全與A組比較無統計學意義(t=0.946,Pgt;0.05);B組與C組鎮痛后各時間點比較差異均無統計學意義(t值分別為0.176、0.942、1.103、0.663、0.274,均Pgt;0.05),見表1。

表1 組間各時點VAS評分比較(分,
注:*與本組鎮痛前比較,Plt;0.05;#與A組同時點比較,Plt;0.05。
2.2組間血壓變化比較
三組第一產程收縮壓、舒張壓比較差異均有統計學意義(均Plt;0.05),B、C組與A組比較差異均有統計學意義(t值分別為12.989、7.536;13.650、6.281,均Plt;0.05),B組與C組比較差異無統計學意義(t值分別為0.048、0.057,均Pgt;0.05);三組第二產程收縮壓、舒張壓比較差異均有統計學意義(均Plt;0.05),B、C組與A組比較差異均有統計學意義(t值分別為6.938、8.627;7.489、7.343,均Plt;0.05),B組與C組比較差異均無統計學意義(t值分別為0.115、0.042,均Pgt;0.05),見表2。
2.3組間產程時間、產后1h內出血量、剖宮產率及Apgar評分比較
三組第一、二產程,產后1h內出血量差異均有統計學意義(均Plt;0.05),且剖宮產率差異有統計學意義(Plt;0.05),A組均最高,見表3。

表2 組間血壓變化比較
注:*與A組比較,Plt;0.05。

表3 組間產程時間、產后1h內出血量、剖宮產率及APgar評分比較
注:*與A組比較,Plt;0.05。
2.4組間先兆子癇及不良反應發生率比較
C組惡心嘔吐、瘙癢發生率均明顯高于A、B組(χ2值分別為7.112、5.319;3.902、6.794,均Plt;0.05),見表4。

表4 組間先兆子癇及不良反應發生率比較[n(%)]
注:*與C組比較,Plt;0.05。
羅哌卡因為新型酰胺類局麻藥,具有良好的分娩鎮痛效果,0.1%羅哌卡因即可產生運動感覺神經阻滯分離,在阻斷產婦對疼痛感知的同時并不會影響產婦在第二產程的屏氣用力及產后子宮收縮,被認為是“可行走的分娩鎮痛”的藥物[4]。舒芬太尼為新型μ受體激動劑,μ受體結合性能與激動作用及安全范圍均優于芬太尼,椎管內注入后起效更快、效應更強、持續時間更長,同時血藥濃度低,不會對新生兒產生明顯的不良影響[5-6]。
3.1從鎮痛效果與不良反應考慮舒芬太尼的合適濃度
本研究通過椎管內單純注入不同濃度的舒芬太尼,再用舒芬太尼復合0.1%羅哌卡因行PCEA,結果發現,與單純0.1%羅哌卡因鎮痛相比,復合舒芬太尼的鎮痛效果更好(Plt;0.05),各組均未出現運動神經阻滯現象。有研究證明,阿片類鎮痛藥復合硬脊膜外局麻藥在起到最小運動神經阻滯作用的同時,可減少局麻藥用量[7-8]。但與低濃度舒芬太尼相比,高濃度舒芬太尼的鎮痛效果并無明顯增強(Pgt;0.05),反而惡心嘔吐、瘙癢的發生率明顯增高(Plt;0.05),提示舒芬太尼配伍羅哌卡因可有效提高鎮痛作用,但有封頂現象,舒芬太尼0.4μg/mL用于鞘內分娩鎮痛是安全有效的,這與有些研究結果有一致性。
3.2從血壓變化考慮舒芬太尼的合適濃度
妊娠期高血壓疾病產婦在第二產程由于屏氣用力造成血壓大幅波動易導致子癇的發生,因而控制血壓穩定是預防重度妊娠期高血壓疾病患者出現子癇的重要策略。研究表明,PCEA有助于降低妊娠期高血壓疾病患者的血壓水平[9-10]。本研究發現,妊娠期高血壓疾病產婦采用單純0.1%羅哌卡因鎮痛第一、二產程的血壓水平均明顯高于羅哌卡因復合舒芬太尼鎮痛(Plt;0.05),且出現3例先兆子癇。說明羅哌卡因復合舒芬太尼的鎮痛更完善,產婦在分娩過程中的痛苦減輕,精神情緒得到緩解,有利于維持血壓平穩,從而降低了先兆子癇發生的危險,而舒芬太尼0.4μg/mL與0.6μg/mL對血壓的影響無明顯差異。
3.3從產程及母嬰結局考慮舒芬太尼的合適濃度
目前對中重度妊娠期高血壓疾病患者終止妊娠的方式仍存在不統一意見,很多學者認為需行剖宮產術,但另外有學者認為通過PCEA手段可促進產程進展,陰道分娩仍可行[11]。本研究發現,0.1%羅哌卡因復合舒芬太尼用于妊娠期高血壓疾病的無痛分娩可明顯縮短第一、二產程時間,降低剖宮產率,增加陰道分娩率,且對新生兒Apgar評分無明顯影響,是安全可行的,而舒芬太尼0.4μg/mL的產程及出血量較舒芬太尼0.6μg/mL縮短或減少,但尚未達到統計學意義。
綜上所述,羅哌卡因復合舒芬太尼應用于妊娠期高血壓疾病的無痛分娩的效果優于單純羅哌卡因,并可有效維持血壓平穩、縮短產程進展,降低剖宮產率,且低濃度舒芬太尼的安全性進一步提高。
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[專業責任編輯: 陳 寧]
Effectcomparisonofanesthesiamethodsusedinpainlessdeliveryofpatientswithpregnancyinducedhypertension
KE Yan, ZHENG Ling
(DepartmentofAnesthesiology,FourthHospitalofXi’an,ShaanxiXi’an710004,China)
ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of combined spinal epidural anesthesia (CSEA) with low dose of sufentanil combined with 0.1% ropivacaine and patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) pump in painless delivery of patients with pregnancy induced hypertension.MethodsAltogether 119 women with pregnancy induced hypertension were enrolled and randomly divided into 3 groups. Patients were firstly injected with different concentrations of sufentanil in spinal canal, with 0ug/ml for 37 cases in group A, 0.4ug/ml for 42 cases in group B and 0.6ug/ml for 40 cases in group C. Then PCEA with sufentanil combined with 0.1% ropivacaine was conducted. Three groups were compared in terms of visual analogue scale (VAS) score before analgesia and at 10min, 20min and 30min after analgesia, duration of first and second stages of labor and blood pressure change, bleeding volume at 1h after delivery, cesarean section rate, incidence of preeclampsia and adverse reactions, and neonatal Apgar score.ResultsDifference in VAS score at each time point after analgesia in three groups was statistically significant (Fvalue was 6.138, 10.142, 3.341 and 5.883, respectively allPlt;0.05). VAS score at 10min and 20min after analgesia in group B had statistically significant difference compared with that in group A (tvalue was 3.525 and 9.418, respectively, bothPlt;0.05), and that at 30min after analgesia and at uterus open to full extent in group B was not significantly different from that in group A (tvalue was 0.417 and 0.773, respectively, bothPgt;0.05). VAS score at 10min, 20min and 30min after analgesia in group C was significantly different compared with that in group A (tvalue was 5.376, 13.650 and 2.365, respectively, allPlt;0.05), while that at uterus open to full extent in group C was not significantly different compared with that in group A (t=0.946,Pgt;0.05). There was no significant difference between group B and group C at each time point after analgesia (tvalue was 0.176, 0.942, 1.103, 0.663 and 0.274, respectively, allPgt;0.05). Difference in systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure at first stage of labor among three groups was statistically significant (Fvalue was 7.119 and 6.202, respectively, bothPlt;0.05), and systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure at first stage of labor in group B and group C were significantly different from those in group A (tvalue was 12.989, 7.536, 13.650 and 6.281, respectively, allPlt;0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure at first stage of labor between group B and group C (tvalue was 0.048 and 0.057, respectively, bothPgt;0.05). The systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure in three groups at second stage were significantly different (Fvalue was 6.703 and 5.113, respectively, bothPlt;0.05), and those in group B and group C were significantly different compared with those in group A (tvalue was 6.938, 8.627, 7.489 and 7.343, respectively, allPlt;0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure at second stage of labor between group B and group C (tvalue was 0.115 and 0.042, respectively, bothPgt;0.05). There were significant differences in durations of first and second stage and bleeding volume at 1h after delivery among three groups (Fvalue was 2.572, 4.589 and 2.664, respectively, allPlt;0.05), and the difference in cesarean section rate among three groups was statistically significant (χ2=8.438,Plt;0.05) with highest rate in group A. Incidence of nausea and vomiting in group C was significantly higher than that in group A and B (χ2value was 7.112 and 5.319, respectively, bothPlt;0.05), and incidence of pruritus in group C was also significantly higher than other two groups (χ2value was 3.902 and 6.794, respectively, bothPlt;0.05).ConclusionEffect of 0.1% ropivacaine combined with 0.4ug/ml sufentanil is best in labor analgesia for patients with pregnancy induced hypertension. It dose not only have a good analgesic effect, but also effectively maintains a stable blood pressure, shortens birth process and reduce rate of cesarean section and adverse reactions.
sufentanil; ropivacaine; combined spinal epidural anesthesia (CSEA); patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA); pregnancy induced hypertension
10.3969/j.issn.1673-5293.2017.11.047
R714.2
A
1673-5293(2017)11-1454-04
2017-06-27
可 焱(1974—),女,副主任醫師,主要從事小兒麻醉及危重癥麻醉工作。
鄭 凌,副主任醫師。