王亞輝, 李彥伸, 宋麗廷, 張 靜,孫承峰, 尤艷莉, 趙玉平*, 楊建榮
(1.中國農業科學院 農業信息研究所,北京 100081;2.煙臺大學 生命科學學院,山東 煙臺 264000)
小分子化合物非競爭免疫檢測方法研究概述
王亞輝1, 李彥伸2, 宋麗廷2, 張 靜2,孫承峰2, 尤艷莉2, 趙玉平*2, 楊建榮2
(1.中國農業科學院 農業信息研究所,北京 100081;2.煙臺大學 生命科學學院,山東 煙臺 264000)
農獸藥、非法添加劑及其他有毒有害化學污染物在食品和環境中的殘留引起人們越來越多的關注。這些殘留物多為小分子化合物,對其進行免疫測定因受限于分子量和抗原表位數量,多用競爭法,通常不能像檢測大分子抗原一樣采用夾心式的非競爭法,這就制約了其檢測的靈敏度、穩定性及工作范圍等。但非競爭免疫分析法也并非完全不適用于小分子化合物,這需要方法學上的改進或創新。作者從檢測方法原理、體系構成及應用現狀等方面綜述了近幾十年來有關小分子化合物非競爭免疫分析方法的研究成果,以期為相關研究者提供借鑒和參考。
小分子;非競爭免疫;半抗原
小分子化合物(相對分子質量通常小于1 000),如合成藥物、甲狀腺激素、小分子肽、環境激素和真菌毒素等,這類化合物在免疫反應中只具有反應原性,而沒有免疫原性,通常在免疫化學上被定義為半抗原。由于分子體積和空間位阻的原因,小分子化合物通常只有一個抗原表位,免疫測定一般采用競爭性分析模式[1-2]。在競爭性分析方法中,標記半抗原和抗體的量都是有限的,待測物與標記的半抗原競爭結合少量的固相抗體,反應平衡后,分離結合和游離的半抗原,最終讀出信號強度與樣品中待測物的含量成反比。競爭性免疫分析的靈敏度受抗體親和常數的限制較大。小分子化合物的單克隆抗體的親和常數在一般情況下很難超過1012mol/L,這就決定了競爭性分析模式難以達到亞飛摩爾濃度的測量水平。另外,在低濃度的反應信號很難與零區別開來,零劑量點的相對誤差較大,分析過程的重現性差,反應孵育時間過長,所有上述因素致使競爭性免疫分析在靈敏度、精密度、動力學及工作曲線范圍方面都不及非競爭免疫分析[3]。
非競爭性分析方法目前主要用于大分子抗原的檢測,最常用的是夾心法,使用兩種不同的過量抗體,即固相捕獲抗體和標記抗體,結合待測物,造成一種夾心式的分析模型。這種方法要求待測物分子必須是多價抗原,具有多個抗原表位,可以同時結合固相和標記抗體,然后檢測標記抗體的活性以判斷待測物的含量。這種檢測模式顯然不適用于小分子化合物。血管緊張素Ⅱ是迄今為止采用雙位點夾心法能夠測量到的最小分子(相對分子質量1 048)[4]。反應體系中過量抗體的加入,使得非特異性信號成為影響非競爭性分析方法靈敏度的主要因素之一。如果抗體的親和力足夠高,降低非特異性反應,可以使夾心ELISA的最低檢測限達到atto mol(10-18mol)分子水平[5]。
關于小分子化合物非競爭性免疫分析方法的研究,近幾十年來取得了一些重要的進展。一些新的檢測原理和檢測方法不斷誕生,大大豐富了小分子半抗原的檢測模式。
Ishikawa等[6]提出了基于生物素親和素體系檢測小分子肽的雙位點夾心免疫分析模式,見圖1[6]。其檢測原理是生物素化后的待測物可同時結合標記抗體和固相的親和素,從而可建立針對半抗原的雙位點夾心式的非競爭性分析方法。反應過程大致如下:首先,在待測物分子上引入生物素;生物素化的待測物經固相抗體純化后,再與標記抗體混合;然后一同轉移到預包被有親和素的固相載體上,讀出的信號強度與樣品中待測抗原的含量成正相關。這種分析方法已經成功應用到血管緊張素Ⅰ[6]、精氨酸加壓素[7]等小分子肽以及甲狀腺素[8]的測定。后來,Hashida等[9-10]又進一步發展了超靈敏的雙位點復合物轉移酶免疫分析法。通過多次免疫復合物的固相轉移步驟,非特異性信號有了很大程度的降低,同時由于4種高親和力固相抗體的濃縮富集作用,檢測靈敏度也得到極大的提高。但這種方法過程較為繁瑣,對反應試劑要求較高。

圖1 基于生物素親和素體系的雙位點夾心法原理模式Fig.1 Principle diagram of biotin and avidin based twosite sandwich immunoassay
Pradelles等[11-12]發展了基于固相固定化表位體系的非競爭性免疫分析方法 (Solid-phase Immobilized Epitope Immunoassay,SPIE-IA)用于檢測小分子半抗原。其反應程序見圖2[12]:(a)半抗原(標準品或樣品)由固相抗體捕獲;(b)半抗原分子的氨基基團通過雙功能試劑,如戊二醛或雙琥珀酰亞胺辛二酸酯等,與固相蛋白發生化學交聯;(c)在酸、堿或有機溶劑的變性作用處理下,半抗原表位由抗體結合位點處釋放;(d)借助共價作用結合于固相載體上的半抗原,被釋放的表位通過酶標抗體檢測。這種分析模式的優點在于固相和標記抗體可以是同一種抗體,省去了傳統的雙抗體夾心法需要篩選針對不同抗原決定簇的兩種抗體的復雜程序;而局限性則在于要求目標分析物含有氨基官能團。該方法已被發展到甲狀腺素[11]、白三烯C4[13]、腫瘤轉移抑制因子metastin C端結構域類似物TAK-448和TAK-683[14]等的測定。
當然,對于很多不含有氨基的半抗原分子,如促甲狀腺激素釋放激素(TRH),可通過化學修飾引入氨基基團,再進行SPIE-IA反應[15]。也可以通過紫外輻照[16]或類Fenton試劑產生的羥基自由基觸發的方式[17]實現半抗原與固相抗體的直接交聯。

圖2 SPIE-IA基本原理Fig.2 Principle diagram of SPIE-IA
抗獨特型抗體 (Anti-idiotype Antibody,AId或Ab2)是針對抗體(Ab1)可變區的抗原決定簇,即抗體的獨特位,所產生的特異性抗體。獨特型的差異,由抗體重鏈可變區(VH)和輕鏈可變區(VL)內氨基酸序列不同造成[18]??躬毺匦涂贵w主要有兩類:Ab2α和Ab2β。Ab2α識別抗體可變區骨架區內的獨特型決定簇,是抗體中遠離抗原結合部位的抗原決定簇產生的抗體,Ab2α與Ab1的結合不影響Ab1與抗原的結合,屬半抗原非抑制性Ab2;Ab2β是由抗體的抗原結合部位處的抗原決定簇產生的抗體,可完全抑制抗原與Ab1的結合,被認為是抗原的“內影像”[19]。1990年Barnard等[20]報道建立了一種基于抗獨特型抗體檢測小分子化合物的非競爭性免疫分析方法,并用于血清中雌二醇的測定。其反應過程如圖3[20]:(a)將特異性抗體Ab1包被于固相載體,加入標準品或樣品;(b)加入Ab2β,封閉Ab1中未被待測物占用的結合位點;(c)加入標記的Ab2α,由于空間位阻的原因,Ab2α不能和Ab2β/ Ab1復合物結合,而是識別捕獲有待測物的那部分抗體的骨架區位點。最終讀出的信號強度與抗體結合的待測物分子數量,也就是樣品中待測物的含量成正相關。這一反應模式也被稱為選擇性抗體系統(Selective Antibody System),Ab2α為選擇抗體(Selective Antibody)[21]。基于抗獨特型抗體的非競爭性免疫分析方法先后成功應用于雌二醇[22]、皮質醇[23]、甲氧基有機磷農藥[24]、玉米赤霉烯酮[25]和嘔吐毒素[26]的測定。但是抗獨特型抗體的制備有一定難度,陽性克隆率低,抗體分型篩選復雜,獲得配對效果較好的Ab2α和Ab2β困難[27]。

圖3 基于抗獨特型抗體的免疫檢測方法原理Fig.3 Principlediagram ofanti-idiotypeantibody immunoassay
抗免疫復合物抗體是針對抗原與抗體結合后形成的新的抗原表位所產生的特異性抗體,又叫抗異型抗體(Anti-metatype Antibody)。該抗體只能識別抗原抗體復合物,對單獨存在的抗原或抗體幾乎沒有作用[28]。據此,Self等[29]建立了基于抗免疫復合物抗體檢測地高辛的非競爭性免疫分析方法。反應過程非常簡單,酶標板上預包被有地高辛的特異性抗體Ab1,后加入地高辛標準品或樣品以及堿性磷酸酶標記的抗Ab1/地高辛免疫復合物的抗體,室溫孵育10 min后,顯色讀數。反應時間可縮短至1 min,檢測靈敏度并無明顯降低。這種分析方法同樣成功應用到血管緊張素Ⅱ的測定[30]。但是,這種抗免疫復合物抗體很難獲得,主要原因在于抗體結合抗原后引起的免疫復合物的空間構象變化細微,且半抗原高達85%的可及表面包埋于抗體內部,難以形成新的有效的抗原決定簇。并且在篩選過程中,由于抗免疫復合物抗體與Ab1以及分析物組成的三元復合物相互間的接觸表面積較大,無法實現對免疫復合物空間構象變化的精準識別,從而造成較高的非特異性干擾?;谑删w展示技術 (Phagedisplayed Library)[31-36]和近年來發展起來的自主多樣化庫技術 (Autonomously Diversifying Library,ADLib)[37-38]則較好地解決了這一問題,在小分子化合物的非競爭性免疫分析領域有很好的應用前景。

圖4 基于抗免疫復合物抗體的免疫檢測模式Fig.4 Schematic diagram of anti-immune complex antibody based immunoassay
1996年Ueda等[39]首次報道了在抗原存在時,抗體重鏈可變區(VH)與輕鏈可變區(VL)的結合穩定性得到增強這一現象,并提出了開放式夾心免疫分析法(Open Sandwich Immunoassay,OS-IA)的概念,見圖5。Suzuki等[40]通過表達抗(4-羥基-3-硝基苯基)乙?;∟P)抗體的高親和力突變體VH片段與大腸桿菌堿性磷酸酶的融合蛋白 (VH-PhoA)以及VL片段與鏈球菌蛋白G的融合蛋白(VL-PG)構建了檢測小分子化合物NP的開放式夾心免疫分析法。目前,開放式夾心免疫分析法已在玉米赤霉烯酮[41]、赤霉醇[42]、甲狀腺素T4[43]以及膝溝藻毒素[44]的測定上有成功的案例。然而,這種方法由于抗體的制備與篩選、編碼VH與VL的DNA片段的構建以及融合蛋白的表達與純化等過程較為復雜,而且并非所有的抗體VH/VL間的相互作用都與抗原有關,需要選擇合適的抗體來建立OS-IA體系,在推廣應用上仍存在一定的難度。

圖5 OS-IA基本原理Fig.5 Schematic diagram of OS-IA
Giraudi等[45]提出了基于酶標記分析物-分析物抗體位點置換反應來檢測半抗原的非競爭性免疫分析方法(見圖6),其反應過程大致如下:固相包被抗體未被待測物占用的多余結合位點由封閉試劑封閉,后由酶標記的分析物來全部置換結合了待測物的那部分抗體位點,最終得到的信號強度與待測物結合的抗體位點數量成正比,即是與待測物的含量成正比關系。這種分析方法后來又被應用到黃曲霉毒素的檢測[46]。這一反應體系的關鍵在于有效封閉試劑的制備。

圖6 基于酶標記分析物-分析物抗體位點置換反應的非競爭性免疫分析方法的原理示意Fig.6 Schematic diagram of enzyme labeled analyteanalyte antibody site substitution reaction based non-competitive immunoassay
Piran等[47]以三碘甲狀腺原氨酸(T3)為例,建立了一種新穎的可檢測單一表位半抗原的非競爭性免疫分析方法。它的反應過程大致如下:吖啶酯(AE)標記的抗T3抗體與待測物在比色皿中孵育,形成AE-抗T3抗體/T3免疫復合物以及游離的AE-抗T3抗體;于混合物中加入過量的表面固定有二碘甲狀腺原氨酸(T2)的可控孔度玻璃珠(CPG),用以結合二價的AE-抗T3抗體,而不能與上述免疫復合物作用;加入固化有抗AE抗體的順磁性顆粒(PMP),捕獲AE-抗T3抗體/T3復合物,而結合在CPG表面的AE-抗T3抗體由于空間位阻作用不能被捕獲。反應一段時間后,通過磁性分離檢測PMP微粒表面的化學發光強度。
此外,基于親和探針毛細管電泳技術(APCE)[48-50]以及基于流動注射分析[51-52]的非競爭性分析方法也廣泛應用于小分子化合物的檢測。
隨著人類對食品和環境的質量日益重視,以及檢測技術的不斷進步,對農獸藥、激素、食品添加劑以及有毒有害化學污染物等小分子物質的殘留分析工作提出了更高的要求,殘留檢測技術正朝著快速、靈敏、多殘留、高通量、低成本的方向發展。
相對于競爭法,非競爭法的優勢有目共睹,發展空間廣闊。但在應用非競爭免疫分析方法時,仍需強調以下幾個問題或需要努力的方向:第一,在食品和環境監測領域的推廣力度有待加大。當前,小分子物質非競爭免疫分析方法的應用多見于生物醫藥、臨床診斷等生物醫學分析領域,如對一些合成藥物、生理活性物質的微量或超微量檢測較為普遍,而在食品和環境中的殘留或污染物的現場快速檢測和控制領域涉及的相對較少。第二,對抗原抗體免疫識別機制及構效關系的系統而深入的基礎理論研究有待加強。雖然免疫學分析技術發展較快,傳統的抗體制備技術也已十分成熟,但獲得高親和力、靈敏度及特異性的抗體以及基于相應抗體建立切實可行方便的檢測方法仍較為困難,其中一個重要原因便是對分析技術背后的基礎理論尤其是抗原抗體相互作用的結構基礎及分子動力學過程的認識還不清楚、研究還不深入,在制備傳統抗體時如何克服半抗原或抗原設計的隨意性、盲目性,在篩選抗獨特型或抗免疫復合物抗體時如何提高篩選效率、方便快捷地獲得可與目標抗原精準識別的抗體分子及解決非特異性干擾,在建立開放式夾心免疫分析法時如何評估或測定VH、VL間的相互作用等等這些問題均需要相應基礎理論的支持和指導。第三,與其他分離、富集和檢測技術體系的聯結有待加深。由于食品安全分析和環境評價對大批量樣品快速篩查的需要,檢測的高通量、自動化、標準化趨勢愈發明顯。如結合免疫親和色譜技術、毛細管電泳技術可實現多目標分析物的快速分離和富集,結合流動注射分析技術可實現樣品的連續自動分析,結合傳感器、生物芯片等新型的信號放大系統可增強信號響應變化,提高檢測靈敏度。上述系統在以非競爭法對食品和環境中化學污染物殘留進行現場檢測過程中有著巨大的應用價值。
小分子化合物免疫分析技術的發展,除了需要方法學上的革新外,在核心試劑,如抗體或與抗體功能相似的生物識別材料,包括標記材料的改善上也應有所突破。比如說,常規的多克隆或單克隆抗體在目前的免疫分析領域仍具有不可替代的地位,但不可否認的是傳統抗體在靈敏度、親和力、穩定性以及識別多目標物的性能方面正遭遇著發展瓶頸。找尋一些新的生物識別材料,如受體蛋白[53-55]、重組抗體[56-57]、核酸適配體[58-60]、分子印跡聚合物[61-63]成為研究的熱點。同時,一些新型的標記物,如鑭系元素[64-65]、量子點[66-69]、納米磁珠[70-73]及核酸片段[74-76]等的應用將極大促進免疫標記技術的發展,有望進一步提高免疫測定的靈敏度、特異性、穩定性和簡便性。
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A Review of Non-Competitive Immunoassays for Small Molecule Compounds
WANG Yahui1, LI Yanshen2, SONG Liting2, ZHANG Jing2,SUN Chengfeng2, YOU Yanli2, ZHAO Yuping*2, YANG Jianrong2
(1.Agricultural Information Institute,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100081,China;2. College of life science,Yantai University,Yantai 264000,China)
Pesticides,veterinary drugs,illegal additives and poisonous and harmful chemical pollutants in foods and environment have aroused more and more concerns.These residues are mostly assayed by competitive immunoassay modes due to their small molecular weight and single epitope.Since the sensitivity,stability,and liner range of competitive immunoassays are not as good as those in non-competitive sandwich immunoassays,methodological improvements could made non-competitive immunoassays suitable.Herein this review summarized their principles,elements and applications of non-competitive immunoassays for the detection of small molecules during last decades.
small molecule compounds,non-competitive immunoassay,hapten
TS 207.3;Q 503
A
1673—1689(2017)02—0113—09
2016-03-31
國家自然科學基金項目(31402246)。
王亞輝(1986—),男,河南寶豐人,農學博士,助理研究員,主要從事動物源性食品安全與食品污染物監測及農業信息分析研究。E-mail:wangyahui@caas.cn
*通信作者:趙玉平(1964—),男,山西垣曲人,工學博士,教授,主要從事食品風味物質及食品安全研究。E-mail:water15689@163.com
王亞輝,李彥伸,宋麗廷,等.小分子化合物非競爭免疫檢測方法研究概述[J].食品與生物技術學報,2017,36(02):113-121.