尤彬,安榮澤,李松軍,趙俊延
(遵義醫學院第五附屬珠海醫院骨科,廣東 珠海519100)
膝關節周圍骨挫傷診治研究進展
尤彬,安榮澤,李松軍,趙俊延
(遵義醫學院第五附屬珠海醫院骨科,廣東 珠海519100)
骨挫傷是由一定暴力作用下導致皮質下骨髓水腫、出血及骨小梁斷裂,進而引起局部疼痛。骨挫傷可見于全身各部位,最常見于膝關節。過去臨床醫生對骨挫傷的認識不夠,也未引起足夠重視,常以軟組織挫傷來處理。但有些患者疼痛癥狀卻長期存在,對患者生活及工作帶來了極大影響。近年來由于MRI的普及,以及臨床醫生對骨挫傷的重視,關于膝關節周圍骨挫傷的研究越來越多。但膝關節周圍骨挫傷相關的治療方案、對關節的遠期影響等還未形成統一意見。鑒于此,本文就膝關節周圍骨挫傷的損傷病因、發病機制、診斷標準、分型、治療方案等做一概述,以期為臨床創傷科醫師做一參考。
膝關節;核磁共振;骨挫傷;骨髓水腫
骨挫傷是由一定的暴力導致皮質下骨髓水腫、出血及骨小梁斷裂,松質骨微小壓縮性損傷,進而引起局部疼痛[1]。骨挫傷還有很多其他名稱,比如骨小梁骨折、微骨折、隱性骨折等。由于骨挫傷在皮質骨下有水腫、出血,MRI對含水物質較敏感,故在T1加權像中呈低信號,在T2加權像中呈高信號[2]。在短時間反轉回復像(STRI)中呈高信號,圖像呈點狀或斑片狀,大片狀地圖樣或彌漫性不規則形態。骨髓水腫在脂肪抑制像中能清晰顯示。國內有學者報道運用雙能量CT(DECT)掃面患膝,生成虛擬去鈣(VNCa)圖像,并對VNCa圖像上每個分區單獨評級,可明確診斷骨挫傷。該方法對不能行MRI檢查者有重要意義[3]。膝關節周圍骨挫傷往往伴隨其他器官的損傷,如半月板、交叉韌帶、側副韌帶等組織的損傷,特別與前交叉韌帶(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)損傷相關性最大[4]。
Mink等[5]于1989年對大量膝關節外傷患者影像資料進行統計分析后將膝關節損傷由輕至重分為4類:骨挫傷、軟骨骨折、應力性骨折、脛骨近端股骨遠端骨折。并對這4種損傷特點進行總結。骨挫傷患者均有急性外傷史,常見于軟骨下骨,MRI表現為非線性彌散性病灶。應力性骨折患者往往有較長的病史,不常見于軟骨下骨,在T1加權像中較骨挫傷范圍更大,且信號更強。軟骨骨折分為兩類:(1)部分軟骨塌陷,并未波及到松質骨髓腔;(2)軟骨塌陷,并波及到松質骨髓腔。MRI可見膝關節周圍骨質微小的信號改變。股骨髁或脛骨平臺骨折MRI可見明顯線性信號改變,往往波及關節軟骨表面。
Lynch等[6]于1989年通過研究大量影像學資料后將骨挫傷分為3型。Ⅰ型:彌漫型,T1加權像呈彌散、網狀的低信號位于干骺端,T2加權像表現為高信號;Ⅱ型:合并軟骨與軟骨下骨之間骨皮質的連續性中斷信號;Ⅲ型:緊貼皮質下區的T1加權像局限性的信號減低區,而T2加權像信號無改變。Vellet等[7]于1991年對骨挫傷基于MRI影像學表現分為5型。Ⅰ型呈隱匿性網狀,T1加權像干骺端骨髓呈網狀圖像,低信號與關節軟骨面不相連,T2加權像可見高信號影;Ⅱ型為地圖型,表現為信號改變與鄰近的皮質或軟骨下骨相連,呈地圖狀;Ⅲ型為線型,信號改變呈線性,寬度小于2 mm;Ⅳ型為軟骨壓縮型,在地圖型骨挫傷且有局部軟骨塌陷;V型為軟骨骨折,T1加權圖像上軟骨骨折邊緣有一些低信號,T2加權像上呈現高信號且與關節腔相通。
Bohndorf[8]于1999年根據MRI及關節鏡下直視損傷部位將膝關節損傷分為兩型。A型:關節軟骨下骨挫傷,但軟骨完整。包括兩個亞型:A1關節軟骨下骨挫傷,A2關節軟骨下壓縮性骨折。B型分為5個亞型。Terzidis等[9]根據骨挫傷部位分為2種類型:一是骨挫傷位于關節端一側的松質骨內;第二種類型是關節兩端對應部位均有骨挫傷表現,稱為對吻性骨挫傷。前者約占骨挫傷的77.4%,后者約占22.6%。
膝關節骨挫傷的分型有多種,目前尚未形成統一分型。這些分型對骨挫傷的治療、研究有一定的指導意義。
Shea等[10]通過回顧性研究大量患者MRI發現骨挫傷常發生于脛骨髁間嵴及股骨外側髁。骨挫傷的常見原因是關節囊及韌帶的牽拉力、垂直擠壓、直接暴力、應力損傷、剪切暴力等[11]。主要病理學改變是骨髓水腫、病變區出血、骨小梁斷裂[12]。骨挫傷的形式各異,骨小梁出血灶呈點狀、斑片狀或散在分布于骨質中。直接暴力所致骨挫傷往往造成著力處骨小梁斷裂,繼而發生廣泛滲出,可合并肌腱、關節囊、韌帶損傷。撕脫性暴力所致骨挫傷可導致肌腱或韌帶附著點骨質水腫、出血。應力損傷性骨挫傷特點為:應力作用的方向與骨小梁斷裂的方向垂直。剪切損傷特點為骨挫傷的出血點和水腫灶呈斜行,且邊界清晰。
近年來國內外關于膝關節周圍骨挫傷合并傷研究很多。通過骨挫傷與膝關節韌帶半月板損傷的關系,可為臨床醫師判斷膝關節損傷程度及預后提供參考,并可減小漏診率。膝關節軟骨及軟骨下鈍性損傷常伴交叉韌帶及半月損傷[13],可激活化學性炎癥反應,刺激韌帶、軟骨、半月板、軟骨下骨細胞釋放炎性細胞因子。同時關節腔積液也可能增加,導致關節疼痛。有些學者認為ACL損傷患者中70%~80%伴有骨挫傷[14]。
MRI評估ACL斷裂主要依據信號改變,靈敏度高達94%,特異性接近100%[15]。某些情況下膝關節關節腔水腫掩蓋了ACL斷裂,使得評估困難。有學者對30例患者研究發現漏診了4例ACL損傷,漏診率為13%,故除了MRI另外一些輔助癥狀可幫助診斷ACL損傷[16],MRI鑒別診斷ACL部分斷裂和完全斷裂有些困難。Patel等[17]通過大量病例研究后得出結論:不伴骨挫傷的膝關節損傷,ACL往往是部分斷裂。ACL完全斷裂時伴有脛骨平臺外側骨挫傷可達94%,股骨髁骨挫傷可達91%。特定解剖部位的骨挫傷往往伴ACL損傷,表明骨挫傷是膝關節韌帶損傷的輔助標志[18]。同時他們也研究了一些20歲以下的青年特定解剖部位的骨挫傷有28%并未伴ACL損傷。故認為青年與成年人骨挫傷的機制是一樣的,但由于青年的ACL更松弛,所以ACL不容易損傷。
有學者通過兩名經驗豐富的影像學醫師對39例患者的MRI進行讀片[19],這些患者均已行膝關節鏡檢查證實ACL損傷,發現脛骨平臺前側骨挫傷分別為46%和50%。因此他們得出結論:如果脛骨平臺前側發生骨挫傷,且外側半月板后角有移位,同時出現ACL損傷的可能性極大。他們同時也指出骨挫傷的部位與診斷ACL完全斷裂還是部分斷裂無相關性。因為在ACL完全斷裂與部分斷裂的兩組患者中骨挫傷的發生機率差別不大。
國內外對于膝關節周圍骨挫傷治療方法各異。骨挫傷的愈合時間各家報道不一,從3~12個月不等。目前骨挫傷的主要治療方法是藥物消腫止痛、石膏制動、臥床休息、避免早期負重及應力性骨折的發生[20]。有些學者采取保守治療后進行MRI隨訪,發現MRI的骨髓水腫信號逐漸消散[21],但沒有確切證據可證實長時間石膏制動可加速骨挫傷愈合[22]。Rangger等[23]認為未合并韌帶損傷的單純性骨挫傷通過石膏制動休息短期療效滿意。Vincken等[24]通過研究認為骨挫傷后石膏制動很可能會加速關節退變。故膝關節周圍骨挫傷是否需石膏外固定及固定時間的長短還未達成共識,需大量病例資料進行前瞻性研究。Bilik等[25]認為關節腔積血應盡早行關節鏡探查,若發現有合并損傷可一并修復。有學者認為雙磷酸鹽藥物治療效果較好[26],可以明顯緩解疼痛癥狀及促進功能恢復,但具體機制仍然不清楚。Vulpiani[27]發現體外沖擊波(ESWT)治療骨挫傷早期階段可減少骨髓水腫和疼痛,促進損傷愈合。其機制可能為:ESWT可誘導組織新生血管,促進細胞因子表達,包括血管內皮生長因子(VEGF)、內皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)、增殖細胞核抗原(PCNA),并且促進細胞增殖和成骨[28]。D'Agostino等[29]認為ESWT能夠控制炎性過程,并促進骨細胞修復,以及活化許多成骨細胞,以及新生血管形成。國內有人在關節鏡或C臂下以克氏針于骨挫傷部位鉆孔減壓,術后疼痛有所緩解,復查MRI骨髓水腫范圍明顯減小[30-31]。
膝關節周圍骨挫傷后可能會導致關節軟骨退變和骨質硬化[32],進而發生骨關節炎。骨挫傷及關節軟骨損傷會導致細胞外基質發生變化[33]。有學者認為,骨挫傷修復后,原先富有彈性的軟骨下骨被新生骨取代,順應性降低,導致關節軟骨負荷增大,容易引發關節軟骨的退變。Ⅱ型膠原羧基端肽(CTX-Ⅱ)是Ⅱ型膠原纖維的降解產物,廣泛存在于關節液中,是骨關節炎的標志物之一。孫國靜等[34]通過提取關節液分析化學成分發現骨挫傷后膝關節液中Ⅱ型膠原羧基端肽(CTX-Ⅱ)含量較正常關節液升高??赏茰y膝關節周圍骨挫傷與骨關節炎關系密切,但還需進一步研究證實。
膝關節周圍骨挫傷是近年才被人們重視,大量文獻證明膝關節遭受暴力打擊時可造成骨髓水腫、出血、骨小梁斷裂。雖然近年國內外對膝關節周圍骨挫傷的研究取得了很大的進步。國內外公認MRI可明確診斷膝關節周圍骨挫傷。但對骨挫傷的損傷機制、病理轉歸、治療及預后等諸多問題還不十分清楚,還需進一步研究。
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Progress of study on diagnosis and treatment of bone contusion around knee joint.
YOU Bin,AN Rong-ze,LI Song-jun,ZHAO Jun-yan.Department of Orthopaedics,Zhuhai Hospital,the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University,Zhuhai 519100,Guangdong,CHINA
Bone contusion is caused by direct or indirect violence,bone marrow edema,bleeding and trabecular bone fracture,which can lead to local pain.Bone contusion can be found in all parts of the body,mostly in the knee joint. In the past,as the doctors didn't know enough about the bone contusion and did not pay enough attention to it,the bone contusion was often treated as soft tissue contusion in clinical treatment.This leads to that some patients still had painsymptoms in a long time after treatment,exerting a great impact on the patient's life and work.In recent years,due to the popularity of MRI and the doctor's attention to bone contusion,more and more researches on bone contusion were conducted.But the opinions on treatment options related to bone contusion around knee joint and the long-term impact on the joint are not yet uniform.This article focuses on the cause of bone contusion around knee joint,pathogenesis,diagnostic criteria,classification,treatment,in order to provide a reference for doctors.
Knee joint;Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI);Bone contusion;Bone marrow edema
R684
A
1003—6350(2017)02—0277—04
10.3969/j.issn.1003-6350.2017.02.035
2016-08-06)
貴州省科學技術基金(編號:LKZ【2013】43);廣東省珠海市科技計劃醫療衛生項目(編號:2015A1028)
安榮澤。E-mail:anrongze1955@163.com