七選五閱讀常見(jiàn)易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)剖析

王鋒 杜潔

七選五閱讀是近幾年高考閱讀理解的一個(gè)新題型，文章的體裁以說(shuō)明文和議論文居多。題材主要涉及文化、教育、體育、未來(lái)規(guī)劃、工作實(shí)務(wù)等內(nèi)容。文章本身難度略低于常規(guī)閱讀試題，但是因?yàn)樵诮o出的七個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，有的選項(xiàng)區(qū)分度不大，所以七選五閱讀試題的難度實(shí)際上比常規(guī)閱讀試題的難度有所增加，而且會(huì)出現(xiàn)由于一處誤選導(dǎo)致多處錯(cuò)選的后果。本文旨在對(duì)七選五閱讀題型中出現(xiàn)的常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤類型進(jìn)行剖析，以期提高同學(xué)們對(duì)七選五閱讀題的應(yīng)試能力。

忽略詞匯銜接造成的錯(cuò)誤

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例1 （2013北京卷） The migration （遷移） of people from the countryside to the city—was the result of modernization， which has rapidly transformed how people live and where they live.

In 1990， fewer than 40% of Americans lived in urban areas. Today， over 82% of Americans live in cities. Only about 2% live on farms. 3

Large cities were impossible until agriculture became industrialized. Even in advanced agricultural societies.

A. That kept cities very small.

B. The rest live in small towns.

C. The effects of urban living on people should be considered.

D. Soon many other industrial nations become urban societies.

E. But even 200 years ago， only a few people could live in cities.

F. Modernization drew people to the cities and made farmers more productive.

G. Modern cities have destroyed social relations and the health of human beings.

答案 B。

分析 部分同學(xué)忽略了82%和2%都屬于100%這個(gè)整體數(shù)字的一部分，去掉82%和2%還有16%，故為“剩下的”（the rest）。還有一部分同學(xué)可能沒(méi)有很好地利用文中的詞匯銜接信息。空格前出現(xiàn)了40%、82%、2%這三個(gè)百分?jǐn)?shù)，屬于數(shù)字的一種，那么后文作為全段的一部分，很可能也是關(guān)于數(shù)量的句子。這是對(duì)同學(xué)們一種明顯的提示。

點(diǎn)撥 英語(yǔ)詞匯銜接關(guān)系分為詞的復(fù)現(xiàn)和同現(xiàn)關(guān)系。詞的復(fù)現(xiàn)指的是某一詞以原詞、同義詞、近義詞、上下義詞、概括詞或其他形式重復(fù)出現(xiàn)在語(yǔ)篇中。文章的句子通過(guò)這種復(fù)現(xiàn)關(guān)系，達(dá)到相互銜接、意義完整。詞的同現(xiàn)關(guān)系指的是詞匯共同出現(xiàn)的傾向性。七選五閱讀語(yǔ)篇的上下文語(yǔ)境中往往有同義詞、近義詞、近義表達(dá)等，甚至有相同詞匯的重復(fù)使用。詞匯銜接關(guān)系是我們解題很好的線索。

[忽略關(guān)鍵信息而造成的錯(cuò)誤]

例2 （2014新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷）

Tips for cooking on a Tight Schedule

From my experience， there are three main reasons why people dont cook more often： ability， money and time. 1 Money is a topic Ill save for another day. So today I want to give you some wisdom about how to make the most of the time you spend in the kitchen. Here are three tips for great cooking on a tight schedule ...

A. Try new things.

B. Ability is easily improved.

C. Make three or four instead.

D. Understand your food better.

E. Cooking is a burden for many people.

F. Let cooking and living simply be a joy rather than a burden.

G. A little time planning ahead can save a lot of work later on.

答案 B。

分析 同學(xué)們往往由于把握不準(zhǔn)關(guān)鍵信息而造成選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。根據(jù)第一句中的幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞：ability，money，time，我們可知人們不經(jīng)常做飯有三個(gè)原因。下文先說(shuō)money is a topic Ill save for another day（錢(qián)的問(wèn)題我們下次再說(shuō)），接著說(shuō)So today I ... make the most of the time，談及了money和time。故空格處談?wù)摰膽?yīng)是與ability有關(guān)的話題。

點(diǎn)撥 同學(xué)們應(yīng)如何利用關(guān)鍵詞解題呢？具體而言，在解題時(shí)要比較文章和選項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞。若匹配，則該選項(xiàng)很可能就是正確答案。具體步驟如下：

（1）閱讀各個(gè)空格的前后句，標(biāo)記關(guān)鍵詞。關(guān)鍵詞包括句中的核心名詞或名詞詞組、數(shù)詞、代詞、連詞等；

（2）閱讀各個(gè)選項(xiàng)并標(biāo)記關(guān)鍵詞；

（3）比較并匹配上述兩類關(guān)鍵詞，最終確定答案。

[忽略意義銜接而造成的錯(cuò)誤]

例3 （2014新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷）

Tips for cooking on a Tight Schedule

So think about of the coming week. When will you have time to cook？ Do you have the right materials ready？ 2

Make your time worth it. When you do find time to cook a meal， make the most of it and save yourself time later on. Are you making one loaf of bread？ 3 it takes around the same amount of time to make more of something. So save yourself the effort for a future meal.

A. Try new things.

B. Ability is easily improved.

C. Make three or four instead.

D. Understand your food better.

E. Cooking is a burden for many people.

F. Let cooking and living simply be a joy rather than a burden.

G. A little time planning ahead can save a lot of work later on.

答案 3. C。

分析 部分同學(xué)可能忽略了語(yǔ)境中上下文前后句的意義銜接，而選擇錯(cuò)誤答案。根據(jù)It takes around the same amount of time to make more of something， 可知“一次多做一點(diǎn)面包與少做一點(diǎn)花費(fèi)的時(shí)間差不多”，再由本段最后一句 so save yourself the effort for a future meal可知，一次多做一點(diǎn)面包還可以為未來(lái)節(jié)省精力。故作者建議我們：一次多做一些以備后用，從而讓我們的時(shí)間更有價(jià)值。

點(diǎn)撥 對(duì)于閱讀語(yǔ)篇句子間意義銜接的考查是閱讀補(bǔ)全七選五的常考點(diǎn)之一。同學(xué)們?cè)诜治稣Z(yǔ)篇段落層次時(shí)，可以借助上下文、前后句間的語(yǔ)篇連接詞來(lái)判斷。此外，同學(xué)們要真正理解文章的主旨大意，弄清空格前后句子的確切含義，然后根據(jù)意義的連貫性從七個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出正確答案。最后，同學(xué)們要將所選的選項(xiàng)代入原文，看短文語(yǔ)言是否通順，邏輯是否合理，從而驗(yàn)證答案。

[忽略邏輯關(guān)系而造成的錯(cuò)誤]

例4 （2012全國(guó)卷）

Kidshealth： Four steps for fighting stress

Try taking these four steps the next time you are stressed：

（1） Get support. When you need help， reach out to the people who care about you. Talk to “trusted adult”， such as parent or other relatives. 2 They might have had similar problems， such as dealing with a test， or the death of a beloved pet.

（2） Dont take it out on yourself ...

A. Ask for a helping hand to get you through the tough situation.

B. Notice your friends feelings and find a way to help them.

C. Different people feel stress in different ways.

D. Ah， it feels so good when the stress is gone.

E. You need to figure out what the problem is.

F. And dont forget about your friends.

G. Then， find a way to calm down.

答案 2. F。

分析 部分同學(xué)可能沒(méi)有注意本空到與后文的邏輯關(guān)系。仔細(xì)閱讀短文，我們可以看出空格的上文指出：當(dāng)你需要幫助時(shí)，可以向關(guān)心自己的人求助，這些人包括自己的父母或親人，后文又說(shuō)他們也許有相似的經(jīng)歷，諸如在如何處理考試等事情上。掃遍7個(gè)選項(xiàng)，只有F項(xiàng)合適，因?yàn)樽钣锌赡芘c我們?cè)谥T如考試這類問(wèn)題上有相似經(jīng)歷的人自然是我們的朋友。其他選項(xiàng)均不相關(guān)。

同學(xué)們通過(guò)選項(xiàng)F中的and這個(gè)并列連詞，可以推斷上下文之間為并列的邏輯關(guān)系。and和friends是兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵的解題提示。

點(diǎn)撥 文章中及后面的選項(xiàng)中表示邏輯關(guān)系的標(biāo)志詞，是選擇答案的重要線索。常見(jiàn)的語(yǔ)篇標(biāo)志詞從細(xì)節(jié)、邏輯上可分為：

并列或遞進(jìn)關(guān)系（firstly，and，or，moreover， whats more ...）；

轉(zhuǎn)折或讓步關(guān)系（but，however，instead，yet ...）；

概括歸納關(guān)系（in short，in brief，in summary ...）；

因果關(guān)系（so， therefore，thus，as a result ...）；

時(shí)間關(guān)系（at first，at last，finally）；

解釋例證關(guān)系（in fact，for example，for instance ...）。

[忽略結(jié)構(gòu)銜接而造成的錯(cuò)誤]

例5 （2014北京卷）

Evaluating Sources （來(lái)源） of health Information

Making good choices about your own health requires reasonable evaluation. A key first step in bettering your evaluation ability is to look carefully at your sources of healthy information. Reasonable evaluation includes knowing where and how to find relevant information， how to separate fact from opinions， how to recognize poor reasoning， and how to analyze information and the reliability of sources. 1

Go to the original source ...

Watch for misleading language ...

Use your common sense ...

5 Friends and family members can be a great source of ideas and inspiration， but each of us needs to find a healthy lifestyle that works for us ...

A. Make choice that are right for you.

B. The goal of an ad is to sell you something.

C. Be sure to work through the critical questions.

D. And examine the findings of the original research.

E. Distinguish between research reports and public health advice.

F. Be aware that information may also be incorrectly explained by an authors point of view.

G. The following suggestions can help you sort through the health information you receive from common sources.

答案 1. G。

5. A。

分析 部分同學(xué)可能忽略了文章的結(jié)構(gòu)而造成錯(cuò)選答案。本篇的短文結(jié)構(gòu)為“總-分”。go to the original source，watch for misleading language，use your common sense以及make choices that are right for you，都屬于作者對(duì)辨別正確的健康信息提供的建議。因此得出：第一空（總述）的答案為G；再根據(jù)空5后的but each of us needs to find a healthy lifestyle that works for us. 與A項(xiàng)Make choices that are right for you. 相對(duì)應(yīng)，故空5選A。

點(diǎn)撥 文章的層次通常包含兩種：一種是分析整篇文章的層次，另一種是分析每個(gè)段落內(nèi)部的層次。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，高考的英語(yǔ)文章，無(wú)論是整篇文章，還是每個(gè)獨(dú)立的語(yǔ)段，在行文邏輯上，通常采用的都是“總-分”或“總-分-總”結(jié)構(gòu)。同學(xué)們?cè)陂喿x文章時(shí)，要有意識(shí)地理清文章的思路。