劉軍 李秀梅
推理判斷題考查同學們根據字面意思,通過邏輯關系,研究細節(jié),推敲作者的態(tài)度,理解文章寓意的能力。推理判斷題涉及到的可能是文中一句話或幾句話,甚至是文章或段落的主題。這類題型在近幾年高考閱讀理解中所占的比例有上升的趨勢。
這類試題的題干中常含infer(推斷),learn about(知道),suggest(暗示),imply(暗示),conclude(推斷),indicate(暗示)等詞語。
[答題步驟]
解答這類題的一般步驟是:
1. 定位信息:通過尋讀找到相關信息點;
2. 字面理解:理解相關信息點的字面意義;
3. 深層理解:結合語境和常識,在字面意義的基礎上進行符合邏輯的推斷,從而理解作者的言外之意。
[答題技巧]
推理判斷是一種創(chuàng)造性的思維活動,但它并非無章可循。關鍵是要對文章已給的信息進行合理的分析判斷,做到“有理有據”。同學們應主要注意以下幾點:
1. 吃透文章的字面意思,從字里行間捕捉有用的提示和線索,這是推理的前提和基礎。
2. 對文章的表面信息進行挖掘加工,由表入里,由淺入深,從具體到抽象,從特殊到一般,通過分析、綜合、判斷,進行符合邏輯的推理。
3. 忠實于原文,以文章提供的事實和線索為依據。立足已知,推斷未知。不能主觀臆斷、憑空想象,更不能以自己的觀點代替作者的觀點。
4. 把握句、段之間的邏輯關系,了解語篇的結構。
5. 解題時應注意以下幾點:
(1)直接陳述文章內容的選項不能選,要選擇根據文章內容推理出來的選項;
(2)推理不是憑空猜測,而是立足已知推斷未知,因此正確選項一定能在文中找到依據或理由;
(3)不能以自己的觀點代替作者的想法,脫離原文的主觀臆斷都是不可選的。
6. 干擾項的特點:
(1)原文信息的簡單重復,而非推斷出來的結論(易誤選);
(2)推理過度的片面結論;
(3)與文中內容不符或完全相反的結論等;
(4)符合同學們的已有常識,但文中沒有信息支持(易誤選)。
[題型例說]
這類試題包括很多種,高考中主要有:深層理解推理、文章出處推理、寫作意圖及態(tài)度傾向推理,下面對各個類型的題目的解題策略分類舉例說明之。
1. 深層理解推理
(1)定位與題目相關信息:①根據題干關鍵詞定位信息;②根據選項定位信息。
(2)深層理解文中的信息:文中信息是正確選項的依據,正確選項源于文中信息,但文中信息不等于選項的全部,只是判斷的依據。
(3)驗證答案:①正確選項是與文中信息相關,但文中信息并未告之的結論;②正確選項不可能脫離文章主題。
例1 (2015天津卷·閱讀理解C) I never told my mother about my “miraculous” (奇跡般地) experience that summer, but she saw a slow but remarkable improvement in my classroom performance during the next year. And years later, she was proud that her son had read thousands of books, was awarded a PhD in literature, and authored his own books, articles, poetry and fiction. The power of the words has held.
49. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A. The author has become a successful writer.
B. The authors mother read the same book.
C. The authors mother rewarded him with books.
D. The author has had happy summers ever since.
解析 考查推理利斷。根據本段中的... was awarded a PhD in literature, and authored his own books, articles, poetry and fiction.可知,作者被授予文學博士學位,著作頗豐,故A項“他成為了一名成功的作家”正確。
2. 文章出處或讀者對象推理
應從文章的內容或結構來判斷其出處:
(1)報紙:前面會出現日期、地點或通訊社名稱。
(2)廣告:格式特殊,容易辨認。
(3)產品說明:器皿、設備的使用說明會有產品名稱或操作方式,而藥品的服用說明會告知服用時間、次數、藥量等。若沒有以上格式,就需根據文章內容來推斷。
例2 (2015廣東卷·閱讀理解B) When I grew up and entered the business world, I remember hearing my first boss say, “We all need to think like sales people.” But it didnt completely make sense. My dad never once said, “If you want to catch a fish you need to think like a fisherman.” What he said was, “You need to think like a fish.” Years later, with great efforts to promote long-term services to people much older and richer than me, I gradually learned what we all need is to think more like customers. It is not an easy job. I will show you how in the following chapters.
35. This passage most likely comes from _________.
A. a fishing guide
B. a popular sales book
C. a novel on childhood
D. a millionaires biography
解析 B。考查文章出處。本題容易誤選D。根據本段第一句When I grew up and entered the business world ...和最后一句I will show you how in the following chapters(接下來的章節(jié)我會告訴你如何像顧客一樣想)可以推斷出本篇文章節(jié)選自一本暢銷的銷售書籍,從而排除D項。
3. 寫作意圖及態(tài)度傾向推理
(1)在閱讀文章時,關注文章字里行間對人物情感及態(tài)度的描寫,揣側和體會修飾性詞語。
(2)分析這些修飾性詞語,并特別注意作者在文中的措辭,尤其是表達感情色彩的形容詞。
例3 (2015浙江卷·閱讀理解D) Im grateful—to a point. The truth is, after years of balking, Ive come to enjoy my walks with Misty. As I watch her chase after a squirrel, throwing her whole being into the here-and-now of an exercise that has never once ended in victory, she reminds me, too, that no matter how harsh the present or unpredictable the future, theres almost always some measure of joy to be extracted from the moment.
60. What is the message the writer wants to convey in the passage?
A. One should learn to enjoy hard times.
B. A disaster can change everything in life.
C. Moments of joy suggest that there is still hope ahead.
D. People will change their attitude toward you when you are in difficulty.
解析 C。考查寫作意圖。由文中內容尤其是最后一句中的no matter ... some measure of joy ...可知,作者想要表達的信息是:不管現在多么艱難,未來有多么不可預測,幾乎總能從當下獲得一些樂趣,因此生活總會有希望。因此,C項正確。