扁穗雀麥種子落粒性和適宜采收期的研究

田宏+張鶴山+熊軍波+蔡化+劉洋

摘要：試驗對江夏和黔南兩個扁穗雀麥（Bromus cartharticus Vahl）品種種子成熟過程中鮮干重、含水量和落粒性變化進行了研究，結果表明，兩個扁穗雀麥品種的鮮重變化呈單峰曲線，干重在花后第22天達最大值。種子含水量在發育成熟過程中呈先上升后逐漸降低的趨勢，落粒率的變化規律與之完全相反，且兩指標呈極顯著負相關（P<0.01）。兩品種相比，黔南較早出現落粒，但落粒率在花后第26天均高達65%以上，綜合考慮，扁穗雀麥在種子含水量為30%～48%時收獲可獲最佳產量和品質。

關鍵詞： 扁穗雀麥（Bromus cartharticus Vahl）; 落粒性; 適宜采收期

中圖分類號：S543+7 ? ? ? ? 文獻標識碼：A ? ? ? ?文章編號：0439-8114（2015）23-5969-04

DOI：10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2015.23.045

Study on the Seed Shattering and Suitable Seed Harvesting

Time of Bromus cartharticus Vahl

TIAN Hong，ZHANG He-shan，XIONG Jun-bo，CAI Hua，LIU Yang

（Institute of Husbandny and Veterinary Sciences/Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding，

Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences， Wuhan 430064， China）

Abstract： The changes in seed fresh and dry weight， seed moisture content and seed shattering of Bromus cartharticus Vahl cv. Jiangxia and Qiannan were studied. The result were as follows： the change of fresh weigh showed the simple peak curve， the dry weight run to the maximum after the 22nd day of flowering period. The seed moisture content showed the trend of increasing first than decreasing during the seed development and maturation，but the change regularity of seed shattering was completely different. Seed shattering was significantly negatively correlated with seed moisture content （P<0.01）.The time of Qiannan seed shattering occurred early that of Jiangxia， but the seed shattering rate of 2 varieties was above 65% after the 26rd day of flowering period. If all factors were considered， the suitable seed harvesting time of Bromus cartharticus Vahl was at 30～48% seed moisture content. At this time， seed yield and quality were the best and the optimum time for seed harvest.

Key words： Bromus cartharticus Vahl; seed shattering; suitable seed harvesting time

草牧業要發展，種業要先行，優質的牧草種子是天然草地改良和人工草地建設不可缺少的生產資料，更是草食畜牧業健康發展的基礎。江夏扁穗雀麥（Bromus cartharticus Vahl）作為湖北省的鄉土資源，在經過多年系統選育后通過國家草品種審定委員會審定，該草冬春季保持青綠，再生性好，牧草產量高，且可作為短期多年生草種利用，目前在湖北省受到種養殖企業的青睞。但和大多禾本科牧草一樣，扁穗雀麥種子成熟過程中在植株上持留性差，雖然這是其祖先在長期生存競爭中形成的一種適應特性，是抵御惡劣自然條件、有效繁衍后代的一種機制[1]，但對種子生產卻是一大弊病，是造成種子產量低的重要因素。一般來說，栽培歷史短的牧草種子自然脫落比較嚴重，如絨毛草、大黍、路氏臂形草在收獲期種子產量均不足潛在產量的一半[2-4]，羊草收獲時僅為表現種子產量的19%[5]，Hurley等[6]對草地早熟禾249份材料兩年的觀測發現大多數材料在花后25 d已全部落粒，僅有5份材料具有減少落粒的趨勢。……