三峽庫區(qū)農(nóng)村污水處理工藝應(yīng)用研究

王家+范先鵬+夏穎+吳茂前+張富林+劉冬碧+張繼銘

摘要：在借鑒國內(nèi)外相關(guān)農(nóng)村污水處理技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合三峽庫區(qū)興山縣長(zhǎng)坪小流域農(nóng)村污水排放現(xiàn)狀及水質(zhì)、水量，篩選并設(shè)計(jì)了土壤滲濾、人工濕地、復(fù)合生物濾池3套適合三峽庫區(qū)的分散式污水處理工藝。經(jīng)過運(yùn)行調(diào)試，對(duì)3套污水處理工藝的適宜性、環(huán)境效益進(jìn)行了分析與校驗(yàn)，3套工藝對(duì)化學(xué)需氧量（COD）、總氮（TN）、總磷（TP）的去除效果均較好。在運(yùn)行初期，出水水質(zhì)均能達(dá)到《城鎮(zhèn)污水處理廠排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》一級(jí)B標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，且大部分時(shí)間達(dá)到一級(jí)A標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。復(fù)合生物濾池工藝受到水力負(fù)荷和季節(jié)變化的影響較小，對(duì)TN、TP和COD的去除效果比土壤滲濾和人工濕地更穩(wěn)定，更適宜于采用綜合性農(nóng)村聯(lián)戶或集中污水處理模式。

關(guān)鍵詞：農(nóng)村污水處理;土壤滲濾;人工濕地;復(fù)合生物濾池;三峽庫區(qū)

中圖分類號(hào)：X52 ? ? ? ?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼：A ? ? ? ?文章編號(hào)：0439-8114（2015）23-5853-06

DOI：10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2015.23.015

Application Research of Rural Sewage Treatment Processes

in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

WANG Jia1，2，F(xiàn)AN Xian-peng1，XIA Ying1，WU Mao-qian1，ZHANG Fu-lin1，LIU Dong-bi1，ZHANG Ji-ming1

（1.Institute of Plant Protection， Soil and Fertilizer Sciences， Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences， Wuhan 430064， China;

2.College of Resource and Environment Engineering， Wuhan University of Technology， Wuhan 430070， China）

Abstract： Based on the related rural sewage treatment technology in China and abroad， combining the rural sewage discharge status and water quality， water quantity in Changping small watershed of Three Gorges Reservoir area， three wastewater treatment processes were designed to solve the decentralized rural sewage， including land permeation treatment， constructed wetland and combined biological filter. After debugging and running， the suitability and environmental benefit were analyzed， and the three systems reached the expected target. The results showed that the removal effects of COD， TN， TP by the three type of rural sewage treatment were excellent. At the earlier stage， the effluent of each system could stably meet the first grade B standards of urban sewage disposal plant contamination integrated discharge standard， and most time meet the first grade A. The treatment effect of the combined biological filter was more stability than others， because it was less influenced by the hydraulic loading and the change of seasons， therefore， it was most appropriate for the rural sewage treatment of a corporate or centralized wastewater system.

Key words： rural sewage treatment; land permeation treatment; constructed wetland; combined biological filter; Three Gorges Reservoir area

隨著農(nóng)村生活水平的提高，日常生活中洗滌劑的用量及其中的化學(xué)物質(zhì)含量也大幅度增加，這些洗滌劑除了會(huì)對(duì)水生動(dòng)物產(chǎn)生影響以外，還含有大量氮、磷元素[1]。在農(nóng)村居民區(qū)，傳統(tǒng)的生活習(xí)慣簡(jiǎn)單，對(duì)環(huán)境的危害意識(shí)薄弱，養(yǎng)殖糞污和生活污水隨意排放造成了氮、磷等營養(yǎng)元素在農(nóng)村地區(qū)的大量積累，在一定的降雨條件下，大量的氮磷等營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)隨著地表徑流進(jìn)入水體中，有研究表明，太湖農(nóng)村地表徑流中氮磷年負(fù)荷量接近或已超過農(nóng)田氮磷面源排放量[2]。三峽庫區(qū)近幾年水體總磷（TP）、非離子氨、化學(xué)需氧量（COD）等指標(biāo)有惡化趨勢(shì)，主要污染源一方面是工業(yè)點(diǎn)源、線源污染造成的面源污染，另一方面是農(nóng)業(yè)自身造成的面源污染[3]。……