湖北省小麥施肥現狀及分析

鄒娟+湯顥軍+朱展望+劉易科+佟漢文+陳泠+張宇慶+高春保

摘要：于2013—2015年對湖北省1 218個農戶小麥（Triticum aestivum L.）施肥狀況進行了調查，并分析施肥中存在的問題。結果表明，小麥種植中施用有機肥的農戶僅占6.24%;化肥品種中，施用尿素、碳銨和復合肥的農戶比例分別為73.89%、53.12%和62.32%，而施用單質磷、鉀肥及中微量元素肥料的農戶比例較低;全省小麥氮（N）、磷（P2O5）、鉀（K2O）平均施用量分別為136.5、54.7和41.3 kg/hm2，N∶P2O5∶K2O為1∶0.40∶0.30，化學氮、磷、鉀肥投入量分別占養分投入總量的96.26%、95.98%和95.64%。施肥量分級結果顯示，氮、磷、鉀施用量不足的農戶比例分別為25.29%、34.32%和43.02%，未施用鉀肥的農戶約占1/3;隨施肥量的增加，小麥產量呈現增加趨勢;肥料一次性基施的比例超過1/3，基施氮肥用量平均占總氮量的3/4左右。因此，要進一步提高湖北省小麥產量水平及肥料利用效率，需加大有機肥投入，擴大秸稈還田面積;重視鉀肥和中微量元素肥料的施用;增加施肥次數，調整基肥與追肥的比例，減少前期氮肥用量;提倡機械施肥，基肥由撒施淺施改為深施。

關鍵詞：施肥;養分管理;小麥（Triticum aestivum L.）;現狀;產量;湖北省

中圖分類號：S512.1 ? ? ? ?文獻標識碼：A ? ? ? ?文章編號：0439-8114（2015）23-5848-05

DOI：10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2015.23.014

Analysis on Fertilization Status of Wheat in Hubei Province

ZOU Juan1，TANG Hao-jun2，ZHU Zhan-wang1，LIU Yi-ke1，TONG Han-wen1，

CHEN Ling1，ZHANG Yu-qing1，GAO Chun-bao1，3

（1. Institute of Food Crops， Hubei Academy of Agriculture Science， Wuhan 430064， China;

2. Agricultural Technology Extension Center of Hubei Province， Wuhan 430070， China）

Abstract： An investigation of nutrients management on wheat of 1 218 farmers in Hubei Province was carried out from 2013 to 2015， and the main problems in fertilization were also discussed. The results indicated that the famers applying organic fertilizer only occupied 0.82%， and in terms of chemical fertilizer， farmers using urea， ammonium bicarbonate and compound fertilizer accounted for 73.89%， 53.12% and 62.32% respectively， while the proportion of single phosphorus， single potassium， or medium trace element fertilizer used by the farmers was very low. The average amount of N， P2O5 and K2O fertilizer used for wheat in Hubei province were 136.5 kg/hm2， 54.7 kg/hm2 and 41.3 kg/hm2， respectively， with the ratio of 1：0.40：0.30， and the chemical resource accounted for 96.26%， 95.98% and 95.64%， respectively. The grading results of fertilizer amount showed that， the ratios of farmers ?applying nitrogen， phosphorus or potassium fertilizer not enough were 25.29%， 34.32% and 43.02%， respectively， and about 1/3 farmers had no potassium supply. The wheat yield had positive relationship with amount of N， P2O5 and K2O. There were more than 1/3 farmers applying fertilizer one time as base fertilizer， moreover about 3/4 N fertilizer were applied as basal fertilizer. Thus， to further promote wheat production and fertilizer use efficiency， actions should be carried out from the following aspects： improving organic fertilizer input and expanding the area of straw returning to field; paying attention to the application of potassium and medium trace element fertilizers; increasing times of fertilization， adjusting the proportion of nitrogen fertilizer as basal and topdressing， and controlling nitrogen fertilizer during the early stage of wheat growth; advocating the application of basal fertilizer deeply by machineries.endprint

Key words： wheat（Triticum aestivum L.）; nutrition management; fertilization; status; yield; Hubei Province

小麥（Triticum aestivum L.）是湖北省僅次于水稻的第二大作物，在全省糧食生產中具有舉足輕重的地位[1，2]。近年來，湖北省小麥生產穩步發展，是全省糧食連續增產的主要增長點，對全省糧食增產的貢獻率超過60%[2]。小麥播種面積和總產均上升至全國第8位，單產亦呈逐年上升趨勢[1]，并于2015年突破4 000 kg/hm2。但是，與小麥生產先進省及同生態區省份相比仍然存在較大差距，主要表現在單產偏低、生產條件差、栽培技術落后等方面[3]。……