三峽庫區農村污水排放現狀調查與分析

王家+夏穎+范先鵬+吳茂前+張富林+劉冬碧+張繼銘

摘要：通過實地調查，對湖北省三峽庫區典型流域興山縣農村污水現狀進行了研究。采用排污系數法對農村生活污染物和畜禽養殖污染物負荷量進行了測算，分析了流域內農村污水排放的特征，以期為三峽庫區農村污水處理設施建設提供科學依據。調查分析結果表明，典型流域內農村污染物TN、TP和COD的排放/流失總量分別為569.8、24.6、2 779.1 kg/年，其中畜禽養殖污染物排放的TN、TP和COD分別占各污染物排放/流失總量的98.79%、96.34%和89.50%;生活污水排放量從大至小依次為夏季>秋季>春季>冬季，農村生活污水排放中夏季人均日生活污水排放量最大，為195.2 L/（d·人），冬季生活污水排放量最少，為69.0 L/（d·人）;農村生活污水中主要成分是洗滌用水，其COD濃度為218.8～509.8 mg/L，TN濃度為41.2～99.6 mg/L，NH4+-N為3.4～5.2 mg/L，TP為1.8～2.9 mg/L;畜禽養殖污水的排放量受降雨影響較大，夏季排放量最高，但是污染物濃度最低;畜禽污水中各污染物平均濃度：COD為 7 702.9 mg/L、TN為1 239.4 mg/L、TP為71.1 mg/L、NH4+-N為415.0 mg/L。畜禽糞便的排放量按從大到小的順序排列為冬季>秋季>夏季>春季。

關鍵詞：三峽庫區;興山縣;農村污水排放;排污系數法

中圖分類號：R123.3 ? ? ? ?文獻標識碼：A ? ? ? ?文章編號：0439-8114（2015）23-5843-05

DOI：10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2015.23.013

Investigation and Analysis of the Rural Sewage Discharge

in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

WANG Jia1，2，XIA Ying1，FAN Xian-peng1，WU Mao-qian1，ZHANG Fu-lin1，LIU Dong-bi1，ZHANG Ji-ming1

（1.Institute of Plant Protection，Soil and Fertilizer Sciences，Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences，Wuhan 430064，China;2.School of Resource and Environment Engineering，Wuhan University of Technology，Wuhan 430074，China）

Abstract： Through field investigation， we studied the rural sewage discharge status in Xingshan county， which is one of the typical area of Three Gorges Reservoir area. The rural living pollutants and livestock contaminants load were calculated by pollution discharge coefficient method， the characteristics of the rural sewage discharge in small watershed were analyzed to provide a scientific basis for the construction of rural sewage treatment facilities. The results from the investigation indicated that the total discharge or loss amount of total nitrogen （TN）， total phosphorus （TP） and chemical oxygen demand （COD） of agricultural pollution in the studied area were 569.8， 24.6， 2 779.1 kg/year， in which the total discharge or loss amount of TN， TP and COD of livestock and poultry farming accounted for 98.79%， 96.34% and 89.50%， respectively. The order of the domestic sewage discharge amount was summer>fall>spring>winter，meantime，the per capita pollutant emissions was the highest in summer，195.2 L per day， and the lowest in winter，69.0 L per day.The major ingredient of domestic sewage was wash water， the concentrations of COD， TN，NH4+-N and TP in domestic wastewater were 218.8～509.8 mg/L， 41.2～99.6 mg/L，3.4～5.2 mg/L and 1.8～2.9 mg/L， respectively. The wastewater emissions amounts of livestock and poultry were greatly influenced by rainfall， the highest emissions season was in summer with minimum pollutant concentration. The concentrations of COD，TN，NH4+-N and TP in wastewater of livestock and poultry were 7 702.9 mg/L，1 239.4 mg/L，71.1 mg/L，415.0 mg/L，respectively. The discharge amount order of animal dung was winter> fall > summer > spring.endprint

Key words： The Three Gorges Reservoir area; Xingshan county; rural sewage; pollution discharge coefficient method

中國人口的迅速膨脹，農村的現代化進程加快，富營養化的現象普遍存在于國內大部分重點水域，面源污染開始成為水環境治理的難點。研究結果表明，種植業、養殖業和居民日常生活中污染物的排放是使水體氮、磷元素超標，導致水體富營養化的主要原因[1]，農業面源污染對整體環境造成的影響程度已經遠遠超過了城市工業和生活污染[2]。在國內有50%的地下水資……