機械直播與灌溉模式對水稻根系特征和產量的影響

程建平+趙鋒+陳少愚+李陽+汪本福+徐得澤+蔡海亞+游艾青+費長亮+萬晟杰+張旅峰+章桃娟+皮楚舒

摘要：為探明機械直播和灌溉模式對水稻（Oryza sativa L.）產量和根系特征的影響，2013～2014年，設置水直播淹水灌溉（WF）、水直播間歇灌溉（WSW）、旱直播淹水灌溉（DF）和旱直播間歇灌溉（DSW）4種模式，以常規移栽淹水灌溉為對照（CK），考察水稻根系特征、產量等參數。結果表明， 2013年，WF和WSW分別較CK實際產量提高7.3%和5.3%，DF和DSW與CK產量差異不顯著，2014年產量情況大致相同。機械直播模式和灌溉模式均有利于水稻根系伸展和提高根系活力，旱直播模式能夠延緩后期葉片衰老，從而在增產穩產前提下達到節水的目的。

關鍵詞：機械直播; 灌溉模式;根系特征;水稻（Oryza sativa L.）產量

中圖分類號：S511;S507;S504.2 ? ? ? ?文獻標識碼：A ? ? ? 文章編號：0439-8114（2015）23-5823-04

DOI：10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2015.23.008

Effects of Mechanical Direct-sowing and Irrigation Mode on Root

Characteristics and Yield of Rice

CHENG Jian-ping1，2，ZHAO Feng1，CHEN Shao-yu1，LI Yang1，WANG Ben-fu1，XU De-ze1，CAI Hai-ya1，

YOU Ai-qing1，2，FEI Chang-liang2，WAN Sheng-jie2，ZHANG Lü-feng4，ZHANG Tao-juan4，PI Chu-shu4

（1.Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement/Food Crops Institute，Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences， Wuhan 430064， China; 2.Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry， Yangtze University， Jingzhou 434025， Hubei， China;

3.Yangxin Bureau of Agriculture， Huangshi 435200， Hubei， China; 4.Agricultural Technology Extension Center of Xishui County

in Hubei Province， Xishui 438200， Hubei， China）

Abstract： In order to verify the effects of mechanical direct-sowing and irrigation mode on rice root system characteristics and yield， the experiments of involving both mechanical direct-sowing modes and irrigation modes， such as water direct-sowing and conventional flooding mode（WF）， water direct-sowing and and intermittent irrigation mode（WSW）， dryland direct-sowing and conventional flooding mode（DF） and dryland direct-sowing and and intermittent irrigation mode（DSW） to compare with conventional transplanting and flooding irrigation（CK） were conducted in 2013 and in 2014， respectively， some rice paremeters， such as root system characteristics and yield were investigated. The results indicated that， in 2013， the actual yield of WF and WSW were increased by 7.3% and 5.3% than CK， respectively， but yield difference was not significant between dryland direct-sowing treatments and CK; the changed tendency of the actual yields was roughly same in 2014 as ?those in 2013. Mechanical direct-sowing mode and irrigation mode was good for rice roots extend and improved root activity， dryland direct-sowing mode could postpone leaf senility of the leaves in rice later stage of growth， which was condutive to saving-water in the case of increase or no significant cut yield.endprint

Key words： mechanical direct-sowing; irrigation mode; root characteristics; rice yield

中國水稻種植面積占糧食總面積的27.3%（2012年），水稻作為中國主要的糧食作物，其灌溉用水占全國用水量的54%左右，農業總用水量的65%以上[1]。全國90%以上的稻田分布在南方，該區域水稻的灌溉用水量占總灌溉用水量的90%以上。南方雖然降雨充沛，但由于水資源年際間、地區間以及年內分布極不均勻，從而導致季節性的干旱頻繁發生[2]。傳統的大水淹灌方式不僅影響水稻高產潛力的發揮，而且加劇灌溉用水的日趨緊張，同時因徑流、滲漏和排水引起環境污染[3-5]。國外相關研究結果表明，采用“濕潤灌溉”和“間歇灌溉”，水稻耗水量比傳統淹水灌溉可減少32%，但產量幾乎相同，說明在水分非虧缺條件下水稻合理灌溉可獲得高產，達到水分高效利用的效果[4，6-8]。……