●陳琴蘭
本文就高中學生在學習定語從句時常遇到的一些障礙,做出一個相對完整的要點解釋,旨在更好的幫助學生理解定語從句的重難點。
(1)定語從句中關系詞作賓語指物,用that或者which或者省略。例如:
The book that you want is here.
(2)定語從句中關系詞作賓語指人,用whom或者that或者省略。例如:The man whom you are looking for is there.
(3)定語從句中關系詞作主語指物,用that或者 which。例如:The book that tells us the story is on the desk.
(4)定語從句中關系詞作主語指人,用who或者that。例如:The man who told me the news is there.
(5)定語從句中關系詞作定語指人或物,用whose。例如:
The book whose cover is torn tells us an instructive story.
(6)that與which的區別:當先行詞被最高級、序數詞、the only、the very、the last、不定代詞、數詞等修飾時,或者先行詞本身為不定代詞、數詞時,不用which;在介詞后或者逗號后不用 that。例如:This is the best book that I have ever read.
(7)that與who/whom的區別:當先行詞為one、ones、those等詞時,若先行詞指代物則用that;若先行詞指代人則用who/whom。例如:Those that taste sweet sell well.
(8)as的兩種用法:一是用在the same...as...、such...as...、as...as...、so...as... 等句型中,二是用在非限制性定語從句中(此時as引導的定語從句要用逗號與主句隔開,或者將as定語從句放在句首),此時先行詞為整個主句,as代替整個主句的情況。在這兩種as定從中,as均必須充當定語從句中的主語或者賓語。例如:This is the same book as you are using.
(9)當先行詞為時間、地點、原因(the reason),且關系詞在定語從句中充當時間狀語、地點狀語、原因狀語時,分別用when、where、why引導定語從句。例如:I will never forget the day when I joined the Young Pioneer.
(10)當關系詞充當定語從句中某個介詞賓語,介詞也可以提前到關系詞前面,構成“介詞+關系代詞。例如:The room in which we are learning is loved by us all.
(1)whose與of which或者of whom的互換情況:當定語從句的關系詞著重表達隸屬關系時,用whose、of which或者of whom都對。例如:The book whose cover is torn tells us an instructive story.=The book the cover of which is torn tells us an instructive story.
(2)關系代詞作定語從句主語時,謂語動詞的人稱和數必須和先行詞保持一致。例如:I,who am a teacher,will try my best to improve your English.
(3)先行詞為“one of+復數名詞”結構時,先行詞一般看成復數名詞,關系詞也看成復數;當one前面有 the、the only、the very 等修飾時,先行詞看成one,關系詞也看成單數。例如:She is one of the students who have been praised.
(4)先行詞和定語從句之間可能會被一些作定語或者狀語的成分(例如副詞、介詞短語、從句)隔開。定語從句中也可能存在I think、you think、I believe、you believe、I suppose、you suppose等插入語。例如:You can find the student who will take part in the sports meet.
(5)限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區別:限制性定語從句如果省略則主句意思不完整、不準確;非限制性定語從句只起描繪性作用,如果省略,對主句的意思沒有重大影響。另外,專有名詞(人名、地名)后一般只能用非限制性定語從句。例如:She has a son who is working in the government.
此句表明“她有一個在政府工作的兒子”,她有可能有一個兒子也有可能有幾個兒子,但“至少有一個在政府工作的兒子”;如果在son后加上逗號(She has a son,who is working in the government.),則表明她“只有一個兒子”。
(6)“介詞 +關系代詞 +動詞不定式”可以代替定語從句,例如:She has ten dollars with which to buy a present for her husband.