彭荷玲 綜述,李 衛,劉宏涌 審校
(廣西醫科大學第一附屬醫院兒科,南寧530021)
多藥耐藥(multidrug resistance,MDR)基因是一個相對保守的基因家族,人的 MDR基因主要由 MDR1、MDR2和MDR3組成。其中MDR2為動物基因型,MDR3主要在物質轉運方面發揮作用,目前在藥物耐藥方面的研究非常有限。多個不同類型腫瘤的體外實驗表明,細胞耐藥性主要由MDR1決定,并且MDR1超表達是限制化療藥物療效的主要因素。人MDR1位于染色體7q21-1,編碼相對分子質量為170kb的膜糖蛋白(P-gp)。P-gp在抑制細胞凋亡、促進毒素和代謝產物排出等方面起著重要作用,而且在細胞的藥物分布和排泄、對多種結構及作用機制不同抗癌藥的耐受中扮演重要的角色[1]。
MDR1基因作為一種生物學標記,其潛在價值正引起人們的注意。大量研究表明,MDR1基因與腫瘤的多種生物學行為密切相關。
MDR1不僅在腫瘤耐藥時呈高水平表達,還廣泛存在于人體正常組織和未耐藥的腫瘤組織中。He等[2]指出 MDR1基因可在肝臟、腎臟、腸道、大腦等多種組織中表達。Fojo等[3]研究表明,MDR1基因在腎上腺極高表達,在腎臟呈高表達。除腎上腺、腎臟外的大多數正常組織,MDR1表達的上調提示這些正常組織有向腫瘤組織轉化的傾向。例如,Lu等[4]發現P-gp在卵巢癌中的表達高于良性卵巢癌和正常卵巢組織。Shi等[5]研究顯示,P-gp在惡性組織中的表達率高于正常組織。另外,P-gp在發生明顯轉移的腫瘤組織中的表達明顯升高,且P-gp的表達與臨床病理分期密切相關。Mizoguchi等[6]研究表明,在癌變的結直腸組織中,分化程度高的部分較分化中等部分的MDR1表達高,在癌變的胃組織中,分化中等的部分較分化低的部分 MDR1表達高。Tokunaga等[7]通過對病例的分析和歸納得出,P-gp的表達與結直腸癌的組織分化程度相關。以上研究提示,腫瘤組織MDR1/P-gp的表達水平與組織分化程度及臨床病理分期密切相關。此外,Zajchowski等[8]對復發性晚期卵巢漿液性癌的研究顯示,復發病灶的P-gp表達顯著上調。Kurata等[9]發現多發性骨髓瘤(MDS)轉化為急性髓細胞性白血病(AML)過程中,MDR1基因的mRNA表達水平較初診患者明顯增高,而在MDS轉化為AML后表達減少,表明MDR1基因表達水平的變化與病情的進展密切相關。
細胞增殖與凋亡由多基因嚴格調控,如Bcl-2家族、caspase家族、癌基因C-myc及抑癌基因P53等。正常情況下,細胞的增殖與凋亡處于動態平衡,該平衡狀態對維持細胞的數目及個體的生存非常重要。但當該平衡狀態出現失調時,易引發疾病,其中腫瘤的發生與其密切相關。MDR1基因能與細胞增殖凋亡相關的多基因相互作用,引起細胞增殖與凋亡之間的平衡失調。Han等[10]對胃腸道癌變組織化療敏感性的研究發現,P-gp與Bcl-2的表達明顯相關。Chauhan等[11]的研究結果顯示,MDR1、MDR相關蛋白1和Bcl-2的表達與成人急性白血病患者對誘導化學治療的反應有關。Rocco等[12]揭示,在幽門螺旋桿菌相關胃癌中,P-gp和胚胎蛋白一樣,通過與Bcl-x(L)相互作用,起著抗凋亡的作用。Chen等[13]研究表明,CacyBP/SIP可通過提高P-gp和Bcl-2水平,增加胰腺癌細胞MDR1表達,從而抑制胰腺癌細胞的凋亡。Wang等[14]證實,對尼洛替尼耐藥的人白血病細胞株K562-RN的 MDR1表達與caspase-3的表達水平呈負相關。Thévenod等[15]對腎癌致病因素的研究顯示,c-myc、細胞周期蛋白D1及 MDR1/ABCB1表達的增高可導致細胞增殖增加,凋亡減少,從而引發腎癌。Wang等[16]通過對硼替佐米逆轉白血病耐藥的研究發現,通過阻止核轉錄因子(NF-κB)進入細胞核可下調MDR1和P-gp的表達,細胞內藥物蓄積誘導腫瘤細胞凋亡。
正常條件下,原癌基因和抑癌基因處于動態平衡狀態,共同控制著細胞的增殖活動。p53作為最常見的抑癌基因,在腫瘤的進展、侵襲、轉移和腫瘤耐藥中起著非常重要的作用。Chuang等[17]的研究闡明,人肺癌細胞p53基因可被低劑量多西紫杉醇誘導激活,抑制 MDR1基因表達。Cheng等[18]的研究表明,在野生型PTEN基因轉染的K562/ADM白血病細胞中,NF-κB、MDR1及Bcl-2的表達下調,而p53及Bax的表達增強,細胞對藥物的敏感性增加甚至耐藥性得到逆轉。Yan等[19]研究表明p53突變后獲得的功能與C-myc、MDR1及NF-κB基因的表達增加有關,印證了Cheng等[18]的觀點。Qi等[20]的研究表明,腺病毒聯合p53能逆轉阿霉素耐藥的人乳腺癌細胞MCF-7/MDR,其逆轉機制為抑制P-gp的表達,誘導細胞凋亡。
MDR1基因獲取簡便,可動態觀測,及逆轉錄PCR(RTPCR)、免疫組織化學等各種具有高靈敏度檢測方法的應用,結合對不同組織MDR1基因表達水平的認識,MDR1基因檢測在腫瘤早期診斷治療以及評估患者預后中發揮重要作用。如Lü等[21]的研究結果表明,MDR1基因多態性是急性淋巴細胞性白血病(ALL)患者的遺傳易感性因素,其中單體型 MDR1可以為臨床診斷提供重要參考。Kourti等[22]通過對49例ALL患兒分析得出,ALL患兒MDR1基因表達水平顯著高于健康者,且表達水平越高患者預后越差。Amiri-Kordestani等[23]回顧性分析發現,腫瘤中 MDR1高表達提示腫瘤具有更高侵襲性,且患者預后不良。
此外,凋亡抑制蛋白Survivin的過表達和NF-κB活性的失控與人類腫瘤的發生、浸潤轉移、耐藥和預后密切相關。因而Survivin與NF-κB可作為腫瘤耐藥的間接診斷指標,為腫瘤的診斷提供新思路。Liu等[24]表示P-gp與Survivin等的過表達與腫瘤的進程密切相關。Survivin的轉錄與P-gp/MDR1的過表達相關,在人乳腺癌耐藥細胞系mcf-7中,PI3K/Akt/NF-κB通路參與了 P-gp/MDR1相關的 Survivin轉錄活動。Souza等[25]發現高劑量長春新堿可誘導P-gp和Survivin超表達。P-gp和Survivin在細胞質的共定位表明,這兩個蛋白通過一個共性機理控制凋亡。P-gp和Survivin對慢性粒細胞白血病MDR有重大影響。Tran等[26]的研究結果表明,在阿霉素耐藥的人乳腺癌細胞 MCF-7/adr的治療中,大葉茜草素可通過抑制cox-2表達和阻斷NF-κB信號傳導途徑以抑制P-gp的表達。Xia等[27]研究證實,在人白血病細胞中,NF-κB/p6表達下調與二烯丙基三硫化物誘導的耐藥機制顯著相關。
另外,研究人員陸續發現一些新的能快速、準確、靈敏檢測MDR1基因的方法。如Barnadas等[28]發現新的高通量方法多路嵌套PCR聯合連接酶檢測反應-熒光微球測定,可同時檢測MDR1耐藥相關基因及其突變。Starkey等[29]應用飛秒雙波長近紅外線雙光子成像技術,可高靈敏度及高特異度地區別出被正常細胞包圍的癌細胞,結果與細胞MDR1基因表達的蛋白水平相關,當癌細胞中MDR1基因表達增高時,正常細胞中僅存少量的癌細胞也可以被檢測到。
腫瘤MDR是導致腫瘤低緩解率、高復發率、化療療效差、生存期短的主要原因。對MDR1基因與腫瘤治療關系的研究成為了當前的熱點。大量研究證實,對腫瘤MDR1基因進行動態檢測,可指導更好地選擇及調整治療方案。Lu等[4]研究表明,P-gp的表達可影響腫瘤患者術后生存時間,對P-gp表達的檢測可為卵巢癌患者提供更準確的診斷和更好的化療方案。Mignogna等[30]研究發現,在腎細胞癌患者中,MDR1基因過表達者,腫瘤侵襲性更強,提示預后不良。Li等[31]研究表明,MDR1基因多態性與胃癌患者接受術后輔助化療療效有關。Litviakov等[32]對84例接受新輔助化療的(術前2~4周期的多柔比星+CAX/紫杉醇治療)ⅡA~ⅢC期乳腺癌患者的研究發現,MDR1基因的表達與患者對化療的反應相關,MDR1基因表達上調的患者對化療反應減弱。
受到MDR1基因耐藥機制的啟示,目前更多研究集中在P-gp逆轉劑的研發和細胞增殖凋亡與耐藥關系等方面的探索。Chen等[33]研究證實K562/A02細胞的 MDR可以部分被伊馬替尼或5-溴粉防己堿逆轉,逆轉機制與MDR1mRNA和P-gp表達下調有關。Lv等[34]發現,作用于肺癌細胞系A549/DDP的酪氨酸激酶活性抑制劑能有效逆轉細胞的MDR,并增加細胞對藥物的敏感性,其機制與MDR1和人肺耐藥蛋白(LRP)表達下調有關。Ascione等[35]發現,具有細胞毒性的強谷胱甘肽轉移酶(GST)抑制劑參與殺死 MDR1/Pg-p過表達的AML細胞。Tang等[36]通過對氟尿嘧啶耐藥肝癌細胞的研究發現,RNA干擾參與誘導損耗基因增強子人類同源物2,通過下調MDR1的表達,使細胞凋亡增加,同時使細胞停滯在G1/S期。Zhang等[37]證實,腫瘤壞死因子相關凋亡誘導配體通過下調耐藥相關基因 MDR1、LRP和GST-Tt的表達,促進化療后的腫瘤細胞凋亡,抑制腫瘤細胞生長,發揮逆轉胃癌細胞MDR的作用。Sun等[38]發現,克力托辛通過下調凋亡抑制基因NF-κB來逆轉P-gp相關的 MDR。Cai等[39]研究發現,粉防己堿聯合柔紅霉素可有效逆轉K562/A02耐藥,促進腫瘤細胞凋亡,機制與下調Survivin表達有關,Survivin是逆轉造血系統惡性腫瘤 MDR的治療靶標。Ling等[40]研究指出,抗腫瘤藥物聯合耐藥蛋白Survivin負調節劑可增強藥物對MDR腫瘤的療效,調節Survivin表達是增強藥物靈敏度及控制腫瘤耐藥的重要機制,這種抗腫瘤藥聯合藥物靈敏度調節劑的方法有望為未來臨床聯合用藥提供新的思路。
隨著對MDR1和腫瘤相關關系研究的深入,人們認識到腫瘤MDR機制由多種因素共同參與構成。MDR1與細胞增殖凋亡相關關系及各種MDR相關蛋白間的相互作用使MDR1在腫瘤診斷治療的應用范圍得到延伸。但是,研究出更多具有選擇性抑制MDR1基因表達、毒性更小、能克服腫瘤化療后耐藥的MDR1逆轉劑仍是未來的巨大挑戰。
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