論同聲傳譯中預測的重要性

摘 要 據Daniel GILE的認知負荷模型，為減輕記憶的負擔，期待在同聲傳譯（SI）是至關重要的。本文旨在分析同聲傳譯中期待的重要性，可能性和預期的一些基本方法。

關鍵詞 期待 同聲傳譯

中圖分類號：H315.9 文獻標識碼：A

According to Daniel Gile， simultaneous interpretation （SI） can be modeled as a process consisting of the three Efforts described above， namely the listening and Analysis Effort L， the short term memory Effort M， and the Speech Production Effort P， plus a Coordination Effort C， namely， SI= L+P+M+C. （Daniel Gile 1995， 169）. In terms of the formula， we can see that we have to find a balance of our total effort between the basic four factors. Lis tening and analysis（L），speech production（P） and short-term memory（M） are the most important efforts that interpreters make during the SI process. But we have to note that when these conditions are not balanced well by the interpreters， such as in the case that they allocate too much effort on listening to interpret and memorize， as a result， capacity for the other two efforts， short-term memory and production， will inevitably decrease. If the decrease reaches a certain degree that the capacity of either of the two efforts fails to meet its due requirement， the interpreters may probably make errors or faults. This is because they use the three efforts improperly but not because of the shortage of processing capacity. That is to say if we can do some anticipation， no matter linguistic or extra-linguistic anticipation， we can save a lot effort for listening or memory effort， leaving sufficient effort to production effort， so that to have a better performance for interpretation.

Since the importance of anticipation is often underscored by interpreters， there are many researches about the basic skills of anticipation. Anticipation in SI can be chiefly drawn on linguistic and extra-linguistic clues for information from the speaker’s utterance. This paper will in detail discuss three basic principle of anticipation， namely， basic sentence structure and word meaning anticipation， conference theme anticipation and culture anticipation.

The sentence structure and word meaning anticipation belongs to the linguistic anticipation， which mainly depends on interpreters’ knowledge of the words and structures of the source language and its transitional probabilities. Therefore， high linguistic proficiency on the part of interpreters will enable them to make effective and accurate linguistic anticipation， as it “reduces processing capacity requirements in identifying incoming segments” （Gile， 1995：177）. Based on the findings of Gile’s experiment on the comparison between a simple sentence containing an informationally dense segment without predictable endings and the same sentence with predictable endings， he hypothesizes that with predictable sentence endings available to interpreters， one of the two total requirement peaks， which strain the interpreters’ processing capacity， may disappear.

After the linguistic view， here comes to the thematic anticipation which needs the interpreters’ preparation before the conference. The interpreters need to gain some special knowledge of the subject， because the good performance of the interpreters also relies on， besides the knowledge of language， their good thematic knowledge about the topic. No matter what kind of task it is， there is always one core subject， which requires the interpreters to search， organize， and even to quickly learn some special knowledge to a certain level. The purpose of doing this is to narrow down the knowledge gap between the interpreters and the participants of the conference， so that what the speaker talks about can be better understood by the interpreter， therefore， the audience can also better understand the contend of the speech， because whether the audience can comprehend the speaker relies largely on the production of the interpreters. The newly acquired knowledge is stored in the interpreters’ long-term memory waiting to be activated. The more knowledge of the topic they have， the better they’ll understand the semantic groups. At this point， anticipation can be applied， for there might be no need for the speaker to finish， the interpreter has already seen the whole picture.

In terms of the culture anticipation， beside the solid linguistic knowledge， the interpreters have to grasp a lot of cultural knowledge. Cultural anticipation is mainly used for communicative purpose. When in the SI processing， we have to take various cultures into consideration so that to avoid making some mistakes.

Anticipation at the extra-linguistic level plays a role of macro-guidance and at the same time of a stimulator activating the relevant knowledge of the interpreter. And they can be used as cues for making anticipations include the context and theme of the conference， communicative purpose， background information about the speaker， world knowledge of the interpreter， and so on.

The above three ways， or just the two types of anticipation， namely， linguistic and extra-linguistic anticipation are not clear-cut demarcated because language is so comprehensive in discourse that interpreters must apply the linguistic and extra-linguistic at the same time to accomplish an adequate of understanding. Simultaneous interpretation has a long way to cover if we want to perform it well， and， anticipation can help the interpreters in many ways.

Bibliography

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