在外語(yǔ)教學(xué)中,聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、讀、寫(xiě)是密不可分的四個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。聽(tīng)與讀是對(duì)外部信息進(jìn)行輸入理解的過(guò)程,而在說(shuō)與寫(xiě)之中,則是一個(gè)信息輸出的過(guò)程。英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作是一種創(chuàng)作性的學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程。啟動(dòng)知識(shí)信息儲(chǔ)存,構(gòu)思立意,謀篇布局,遣詞造句,對(duì)語(yǔ)言表達(dá)的正確性和準(zhǔn)確性,思維的邏輯性和文章的條理性都比口語(yǔ)要求更高。然而現(xiàn)狀卻不容樂(lè)觀(guān),學(xué)生對(duì)寫(xiě)作充滿(mǎn)畏難情緒,拼寫(xiě)語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤不勝枚舉,使人難以流暢地閱讀。那么如何在英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中提高學(xué)生的寫(xiě)作水平呢?
一、從錯(cuò)誤中學(xué)習(xí)寫(xiě)正確的句子
要想寫(xiě)出簡(jiǎn)單而正確的句子,就必須從錯(cuò)誤入手。因此,筆者整理了一些學(xué)生作文中常出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤,并把它們分類(lèi)如下:
1.句子缺謂語(yǔ)。如,(1)The building like a match box.(2)He told me that all my classmates sitting in the classroom.
2.主謂不一致,尤其是單數(shù)第三人稱(chēng)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤。如,(1)A worker of the farm lead us to the field.(2)All the students like books that was written by Lu Xun.
3.時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤。如,(1)When he came back,he found that his wife has gone to bed.(2)What are you doing this time yesterday?
4.詞性混用。如,(1)She enjoys study English.(2)My roommate doesn''t afraid of dogs.
5.介詞誤用。如,(1)Please wait me at the school gate.(2)I finished the work on time under the help of him.
6.冠詞誤用。如,(1)We elected Li Hua the monitor of the Class Five.(2)Once upon a time, there was an one-eyed lion.
7.名詞的數(shù)。如,(1)It is rare to see such a nice weather in Beijing.(2)The leader gave us some advices.
8.動(dòng)詞用法錯(cuò)誤。如,(1)Where are you come from?(2)When I arrived Hong Kong, my mother was there waiting for me.
9.句型方面:中國(guó)式英語(yǔ)。如,(1)I study English no well.
(2)If you are convenient, please help me with it.
10.There be結(jié)構(gòu)。如,(1)There were hundreds of students couldn’t go to school because they were poor.(2)In fact,there are more and more families have their own cars.
讓學(xué)生以改錯(cuò)的方式把這些錯(cuò)誤的句子改正過(guò)來(lái),從而避免犯類(lèi)似的錯(cuò)誤,這樣就會(huì)使學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)如何寫(xiě)正確的句子。
二、用較高級(jí)的句型使文章更具文采
新大綱提出:只有達(dá)到足夠的輸入量,才能保證學(xué)生具有較好的輸出能力。背誦一些短文寫(xiě)作中使用率最高,覆蓋面最廣的基本句式,使學(xué)生做到能夠熟練正確地仿寫(xiě)或套用,這樣就會(huì)使文章更出采。
1.Nothing is + 形容詞比較級(jí) + than to + V.(沒(méi)有比……更……)
2.cannot emphasize the importance of...too much.(再怎么強(qiáng)調(diào)……重要性也不為過(guò))
3.There is no denying the fact+ that從句(不可否認(rèn)的……)
4.It is universally acknowledged + that從句(眾所周知……)
5.leave much to be desired (還有很多缺點(diǎn)或不足之處;令人不滿(mǎn)意)
6.There is no doubt + that從句(毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)的……)
7.The reason why+句子is+ that從句(……的原因是……)
8.It is obvious /apparent+ that 從句(顯而易見(jiàn))
三、運(yùn)用多種句式結(jié)構(gòu)使文章表達(dá)更具多樣性
句式就是句子的結(jié)構(gòu)方式。不同的思想內(nèi)容要用不同的句式來(lái)表達(dá),而同一思想內(nèi)容也可以用不同的句式來(lái)表達(dá)。句式不同,表達(dá)效果也不同。只有句式多樣化,文章才會(huì)生動(dòng)有趣,充滿(mǎn)活力。但是,在實(shí)際寫(xiě)作中,學(xué)生的往往文章都是千篇一律的簡(jiǎn)單句,單調(diào)乏味,毫無(wú)生氣。恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂媚承┓椒ɑ蚴侄斡兄诒磉_(dá)形式的多樣化,增強(qiáng)表達(dá)效果。同義句轉(zhuǎn)化是筆者常用的方法。如:
1.When he arrived, he gave me an e-mail immediately.(使用V-ing形式)
When arriving/On his arrival, he gave me an e-mail immediately.
2.To his surprise, the little girl knows so many things.(使用名詞性從句)
What surprises him is that the little girl knows so many things.
3. People suggest that the conference be put off.(改被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
It is suggested that the conference be put off.
4.He did not know what had happened until he had read the news in the newspaper.(使用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型)
It was not until he had read the news in the newspaper that he knew what had happened.
英語(yǔ)的句式是多種多樣的,只要從要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容出發(fā)合理選用,文章的句式就會(huì)富于變化。同時(shí),在學(xué)習(xí)寫(xiě)作的過(guò)程中,學(xué)生應(yīng)不斷練習(xí)構(gòu)造各種句式,以提高語(yǔ)言表達(dá)能力。
四、巧用連接詞可以使文章意思更連貫
有的學(xué)生在作文中過(guò)多使用簡(jiǎn)單句;有的寫(xiě)復(fù)雜句時(shí),動(dòng)輒用so,and,then,but,or等詞,非但達(dá)不到豐富表達(dá)方式的目的,反而使句子結(jié)構(gòu)松散、呆板。為了避免這種現(xiàn)象,可以使用連接詞,尤其是一些表示從屬關(guān)系的連接詞,如 who,which,that,because,since,although,after,as,before,when等,不僅能豐富句型,而且還能把思想表達(dá)得更清楚,使意義更連貫。
總之,提高學(xué)生英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作能力應(yīng)從基本功抓起,加強(qiáng)詞匯和詞組的積累,增加各種類(lèi)型句子的運(yùn)用。同時(shí),把握好各種句型和詞匯的搭配,排除漢語(yǔ)思維的干擾,這樣就會(huì)寫(xiě)出好的文章。