






周恩來愛好戲劇,重視戲劇。他曾多次觀看故鄉的昆劇、越劇、紹劇、婺劇,對浙江地方戲劇給予親切的關懷。
“你們浙江做了一件好事:一出戲救活了一個劇種。《十五貫》有豐富的人民性和相當高的藝術性。”
昆曲是集我國的歷史、文學、表演、音樂、舞臺藝術于一體的古老劇種,在全國有很大的影響。
周恩來一生多次觀看過昆劇表演,對不少昆劇劇目從劇情內容到表演程式都有中肯的評價。
解放前夕,昆劇瀕臨絕唱。新中國成立后,這一古老的劇種步入改革、創新和發展的新時期。1956年,浙江昆劇團改編演出了昆劇《十五貫》,并晉京演出。4月19日,周恩來在文化部副部長劉芝明陪同下觀看,演出結束后,周恩來等上臺慰問演員,并稱贊“昆曲的表演藝術很高”。他說:“你們浙江做了一件好事:一出戲救活了一個劇種。《十五貫》有豐富的人民性和相當高的藝術性。”他稱贊《十五貫》的劇本改編得好,演員演得也好。他說:“《見都》一場那面堂鼓就很好嘛。你要見他,他官僚主義,不見你;你一擊鼓,他就只好出來了。”在分析了官僚主義產生的根源之后,周恩來又說:“我們有的官僚主義者比戲中的巡撫還嚴重……甚至在‘擊鼓’后還不出來。”他還關切地詢問劇團的演出情況、折賬收入以及演員的年齡、藝齡、健康狀況等,并鼓勵他們說:“只要你們好好努力,將會取得更大的成就。”5月17日,周恩來主持召開由文化部、中國戲劇家協會聯合邀請首都文化界知名人士在中南海紫光閣舉行的昆劇《十五貫》座談會。座談會長達7個小時,周恩來作了約1小時的長篇講話。他對昆曲藝術和浙江昆劇團的演出給予很高評價,說昆曲是江南蘭花,幽雅而清香馥郁,《十五貫》是“百花齊放,推陳出新”的榜樣。他要求浙江昆劇團的周傳瑛、王傳淞和朱國梁等30位昆曲前輩共同擔起昆曲藝術繼承發展的重任。翌日,《人民日報》發表了題為《從“一出戲救活了一個劇種”談起》的社論。爾后,浙江、上海、江蘇和北京以及湖南等地的昆劇院團相繼成立,昆曲藝術有了很大的發展。
根據周恩來的指示,浙江昆劇團著力整理傳統劇目,編演貼近現實生活的新戲,培養鍛煉了一批青年演員。1963年,周恩來觀看了新整理的明雜劇本《西園記》,對青年演員汪世瑜的成長頗為高興。1964年6月,周恩來陪同阿拉伯也門共和國總統阿卜杜拉·薩拉勒來杭參觀訪問,當他知道浙江昆劇團正在杭州上演現代昆劇《紅燈傳》,7日晚便在杭州飯店小禮堂專門觀看了該劇,并同演職員們一起討論劇本和舞臺演出的加工提高問題。他說:“你們戲演得很好,有兩場戲演得很感人,內心和外在都表現得很統一。總的說,前面幾場戲情節比較合理、可信。而后面幾場有些地方就不大合理。比如刑場上母子見面時不可能講這么多的話,老奶奶和李玉和都是有豐富斗爭經驗的革命者,他們不可能把密電碼的事和叛徒的情況都在刑場上講給鐵梅聽,因為敵人是要竊聽的,敵人也是有斗爭經驗的嘛。如果能把這些話放在李玉和與老奶奶發現情況不對時,在家里向鐵梅講,可能會更好一些。當然,在家里講,舞臺表演效果也許不如現在感人,但比較合理。”他還就該劇的歷史背景、李鐵梅應如何轉移“密電碼”、地下交通員應如何突圍等問題,詳盡地談了自己的意見。1972年春,他陪同尼克松總統到杭州參觀訪問時,關切地問起浙江昆劇團的情況。當他得悉該團已被迫解散時,感慨地嘆惜道:“我們這么大的國家,難道還養不起這么一個劇團嗎?”
“金華越劇團自力更生,沒有要國家一分補貼,還有積蓄,我提議你們要向金華越劇團學習。”
越劇是個年輕劇種,清咸豐年間發源于嵊縣。原稱“小歌班”、“的篤班”,30年代初改名為越劇,是浙江省最大的劇種。越劇的藝術特色以優美、細膩、純樸、儒雅見長。周恩來早在1946年就在上海觀看過根據魯迅小說改編的《祥林嫂》,給予很高的評價。新中國成立后,周恩來對越劇的發展傾注了很多心血。1957年4月,周恩來讓工作人員到杭州中國劇院購票,以觀看金華越劇團演出的越劇傳奇劇《孟麗君》。看完戲,他上臺慰問演職員,并對劇中幾個地方提出了探討意見。他首先問:這是一出有歷史依據的歷史劇呢,還是完全編出來的?編導回答:是根據古本彈詞、小說和老戲整理的,沒有歷史依據。周恩來又說:我沒有研究,是否查一查,有沒有皇甫少華其人?有沒有征過高麗?如有,把這段內容回避了。倘若沒有任何依據,干脆換個名稱,不寫高麗。高麗就是朝鮮,可以改成反侵略戰,不必寫征服——征服也有侵略的內容。我們的《隋唐演義》中薛仁貴“征東”,就是寫打朝鮮,還殺了高麗大將蓋蘇文。現在朝鮮還有“蓋蘇文點將臺”,把他列為民族英雄。鑒于當前中朝兩國的深厚情誼,不要有使朋友不愉快的事。既然這出戲完全是虛構的,戲也很好看,何不改了這一段,把戲改得更精彩呢!周恩來對劇團在艱苦條件下堅持編演好戲的精神給予鼓勵,并希望當地有關部門從各方面關心他們,幫助劇團多演好戲。1958年4月,浙江省組織現代戲赴京匯報演出團,越劇《關不住的姑娘》和《風雪擺渡》深受首都觀眾喜愛,周恩來同文化部的領導一起來觀看。演出結束后,金華越劇團團長楊琴芳將一封劇團建設匯報信呈交給周恩來。周恩來看后,對著周揚等文化部領導和首都文藝團體的代表高聲地說:“金華越劇團自力更生,沒有要國家一分補貼,還有積蓄,我提議你們要向金華越劇團學習。”同年9月13日,周恩來又在北京長安劇場觀看了浙江越劇二團演出的《雨前曲》,對劇本以及男女演員合演等問題提出了意見,指出:“女演男,男演女,都是封建社會的產物。男女合演是歷史發展的必然。”
“你們演得很好,外賓看了很滿意。”“我是紹興人,今天第一次看到紹劇,還是陳老總介紹的。”
紹劇,又稱“紹興大班”、“紹興亂彈”,是周恩來家鄉的戲,有300多年的歷史。其表演粗獷豪放,夸張強烈,唱腔高亢,富有激情。解放后,紹劇進行了改革,注入時代的表演意識,使古老的紹劇產生新的魅力。1957年12月,周恩來在上海陪同外賓參觀。他對上海的同志說:“浙江紹劇有出猴戲《大鬧天宮》,可以調來為外賓演出。”演出結束后,他陪外賓上臺向紹劇團贈送花籃,祝賀演出成功。他熱情地稱贊:“你們演得很好,外賓看了很滿意。”他還風趣地說:“我是紹興人,今天第一次看到紹劇,還是陳老總介紹的。”周恩來詳細地詢問了紹劇的主要唱腔“二凡”、“三五七”的來源、特點,有些什么傳統唱法等。還親切地問了幾個演員的年齡。當他得知一個小演員小六齡童只有8歲時,關切地說:“要好好培養,要培養接班人。”還叮囑他:不但要從小學功夫,也要從小學戲德。并把他抱在懷里和大家一起合影留念。幾天后,他又一次陪外賓觀看了紹劇《大鬧天宮》。1958年4月底,紹劇團進京匯報演出。周恩來觀看演出后來到后臺,和演職員一一握手,笑著說“我們又見面了,我們是老朋友了”,并隨和地坐在后臺的戲箱上與演職員們交談。當他聽到劇團已劃歸國營,演職員生活越來越好時,高興地說:“好,你們要努力學習,多為工農兵演出。”還教育坐在身邊的幾個青年演員要“勤學苦練,走又紅又專的道路”。勉勵大家要認真學習,努力貫徹“雙百”方針,更好地為工農兵服務。1961年9月25日,為了紀念魯迅誕辰80周年,浙江紹劇團演出《女吊》。演出前,周恩來在休息室高興地對其他中央領導同志說,今天晚上請大家看紹興大班《女吊》。演出結束后,周恩來及其他領導同志上臺慰問演員。隨后,他又到后臺廂房,問哪一位是演《女吊》的章艷秋,當章艷秋點頭應答后,周恩來鼓勵她說:“你演得不錯嘛,很有經驗。你不僅自己要演好,還要好好培養下一代。”拍完集體照后,周恩來又邀請章艷秋:“來,我與艷秋拍一張。”周恩來與章艷秋合影的照片第二天發表在首都各大報紙上。28日,他在北京民族文化宮安排紹劇《孫悟空三打白骨精》招待緬甸奈溫將軍,對該劇予以贊揚并提出了改進意見。他認為《三打》的改編是成功的,具有一定的現實意義。他又向毛澤東推薦。10月10日,毛澤東觀看了這出戲。看后詩興大作,毛澤東寫下了著名詩篇《七律·和郭沫若同志》:
一從大地起風雷,便有精生白骨堆。
僧是愚氓猶可訓,妖為鬼蜮必成災。
金猴奮起千鈞棒,玉宇澄清萬里埃。
今日歡呼孫大圣,只緣妖霧又重來。
“一個演員在臺上要做到目中無人,心中有人。”“現在要多演些有教育意義的戲。”
婺劇是影響力僅次于越劇的地方劇種,以演武戲、做工戲、大戲為主。1962年11月3日,周恩來在北京飯店接見了晉京匯報演出的浙江婺劇團以及浙江省文化局領導。大家坐定后,周恩來就風趣地說:“浙江有個婺劇,為什么我都不知道?別人還說我不推薦,你們過去為什么不推薦給我?”省文化局和劇團的領導有些緊張地匯報:“毛主席在杭州曾看過婺劇的。”“什么時候?”周恩來問。“1962年3月,主席接見尼泊爾首相那次。”周恩來說:“哦,那一次我沒去,沒看到。”隨后摸出一張劇團演出的節目單:“來,我們一起研究一下,明天請朝鮮李周淵副首相看些什么戲。”定下節目后,他詢問了劇團是什么時候成立的,有多少人,大家的事業心強不強。他聽到回答后高興地說:“浙江是個好地方。我本來就是個浙江人嘛。”“你們在國務院小禮堂的演出就很好嘛,越演看的人越多,禮堂擠得滿滿的。”周恩來又殷切地說:“要多搞點折子戲,不要老是搞大戲”,“要多下鄉上山為群眾演出”。11月4日,周恩來陪同朝鮮李周淵副首相觀看演出,稱贊表演非常成功。17日,周恩來在長安劇院再次觀看了劇團演出的《昭君出塞》,并對劇中的部分情節提出意見。他說:“你們戲中對少數民族的皇帝總是稱‘狼主’,明明不是這樣的嘛,為什么總要加上一個‘犬’字旁,不這樣稱呼行不行呢?最好改掉它。”21日晚,當他得知劇團第二天要離開北京返回金華時,就當晚在中南海西花廳接見演職員。他握著鄭蘭香的手說:“你叫鄭蘭香,是嗎?為什么不圍圍巾?要好好保護嗓子,演完戲最容易感冒,這是梅蘭芳告訴我的。”他鼓勵大家:“你們在北京打響了,你們的團風很好。”他要求“一個演員在臺上要做到目中無人,心中有人。”“現在要多演些有教育意義的戲。”周恩來還很欣賞婺劇的幾出折子戲,如《斷橋》《牡丹對課》《僧尼會》等,并向毛澤東推薦。毛澤東看了《牡丹對課》后說:周總理說好,我看確實不錯,小姑娘斗敗了大神仙。
周恩來對《斷橋》的藝術特色很贊賞。但他說:現在大家都在稱贊婺劇《斷橋》,連演了許多年的名家也說你們有特色。有人提出這是天下第一橋,我不反對。但我看為了百花齊放,就不提這個“第一”吧!他提出:對一個優秀的藝術作品的評價,在欣賞之余還應留有余地。譬如過去北京有件較大的象牙深雕藝術品,很精彩,有人說是全國第一。后來在上海看到另一件,質量、大小不相上下。所以北京這個也就不能稱第一。周恩來用具體事例來生動說明藝術總是在不斷競爭中發展的,是永無止境的。
周恩來語重心長地對浙江昆劇團的年輕演員說:“你們都是黨培養起來的青年演員,一定要很好地為工農兵服務。”
Premier Zhou Enlai chats with young artists of Zhejiang Kunqu Opera Troupe after a show.
1959年4月25日,周恩來在杭州中國劇院觀看金華越劇團演出的越劇《孟麗君》。演出結束后,周恩來與演職員合影留念。
Zhou Enlai and artists of Jinhua Yueju Opera Troupe pose for a photograph at New China Theater on April 25, 1959 after the performance of Meng Lijun.
1959年9月,周恩來與浙江籍著名越劇表演藝術家徐玉蘭親切交談。
Zhou Enlai and Xu Yulan, a Yueju Opera artist of Zhejiang origin, are in a conversation in September 1959.
周恩來看完金華越劇團《自有后來人》的演出后,與演職員親切交談。
Zhou Enlai chats with artists after watching a play staged by Jinhua Yueju Opera Troupe.
Premier Zhou Comments on Regional Operas of Zhejiang
By Mao Yingmin
Zhou Enlai (1898-1976), China’s premier for twenty-seven years, had a special feeling for the four regional operas of Zhejiang. Zhou’s ancestral roots were in Shaoxing and he considered himself a native of Zhejiang.
During his 27-year premiership, he watched performances of the four regional operas of Zhejiang and met with opera artists of his home province. During his meeting with the opera artists, he commented on the regional operas and new plays.
Kunqu Opera
Kunqu Opera was on the verge of extinction before 1949. After the founding of New China, the opera staged a spectacular comeback. In 1956, Zhejiang Kunqu Opera Troupe came to Beijing and performed a Kunqu Opera play “Fifteen Strings of Copper Coins.” On April 19, 1956, Premier Zhou watched the play. After the show, he came to the stage and spoke highly of the performance. He praised that Zhejiang did a good thing: a play saved an opera genre and that “Fifteen Strings of Copper Coins” was a grassroots entertainment and showed a great level of artistry.
On May 17, 1956, Premier Zhou hosted a 7-hour symposium at Zhongnanhai. At the invitation of Ministry of Culture and China Theater Scriptwriters Association, cultural celebrities of Beijing attended. Zhou spoke for an hour. He praised Kunqu Opera in general and the performance of the troupe from Zhejiang in particular. He requested Zhou Chuanying, Wang Chuansong and Zhu Guoliang, the best-known Kunqu Opera artists of the days to carry on the ancient opera and cultivate a new generation of artists. At that time, there were only about 30 Kunqu Opera artists remaining in China. After the symposium, various Kunqu Opera troupes emerged and the opera flourished again.
In 1963 and 1964, the premier watched the performances of Zhejiang Kunqu Opera Troupe respectively. In 1972, the premier was in Hangzhou to hold talks with the visiting America President Nixon. During his visit, Zhou inquired about Zhejiang Kunqu Opera Troupe. After learning that the troupe had been disbanded, Zhou sighed emotionally saying why such a great nation could not afford to support a troupe.
Yueju Opera
Compared with Kunqu Opera, Yueju Opera is relatively young. It originated in Shengxian County in eastern Zhejiang in the mid-19th century and became popular in Shanghai in the early 20th century. It became known as Yueju Opera in the 1930s. Yueju Opera, the largest regional opera genre of Zhejiang, is known for its grace, subtlety, elegance and distinct regional characteristics. In 1946 in Shanghai, Zhou watched “Sister Xianglin”, an innovative play based on a short story of Lu Xun (1881-1936), a great author of the 20th century China. In April 1957, Zhou bought tickets and watched Meng Lijun, a legend play staged by Jinhua Yueju Opera Troupe in New China Theater in Hangzhou.
After the show, the premier came onto the stage and met with the artists and staff members of the troupe. The premier inquired about the historical background of the legend. After learning that the script was based on ancient scripts, stories and plays, he advised to avoid mentioning Korea to avoid embarrassment between China and DPRK.
In April 1958, Jinhua Yueju Opera Troupe came to Beijing and performed. The troupe manager Yang Qinfang submitted to the premier a report on the troupe’s business operations. Zhou commented to the officials from the Ministry of Culture and representatives from the capital’s literary and art circles that Jinhua Yueju Opera Troupe enjoyed a prosperous business without any state subsidy and that the troupe should be a pacesetter for other troupes to follow.
On September 13, 1958, Premier Zhou watched a play staged by Zhejiang Number Two Yueju Opera Troupe. After the show, he remarked that women artists acting as men and male artists acting as women was a residue of the old society and that it was a historical trend that male and female artists would perform together.
Shaoxing Opera
Shaoxing Opera, a 300-year-old opera genre in Shaoxing, is known for its exaggerating performance and loud and high-pitched singing, in curious contrast with and entirely different from Yueju Opera, which originated in Shengxian, a rural county in Shaoxing. After 1949, local artists introduced innovation into the opera and brought about a renaissance to the ancient art.
In December 1957, Zhou accompanied some foreign guests to watch “The Monkey Creates Havoc in Heaven” in Shanghai. The premier met the artists after the show and spoke highly of the performance. He said he was a native of Shaoxing and it was his first experience of the opera. He asked about the characteristics of the regional opera. A few days later, the premier and some foreign guests watched the play again. In April 1958, Zhou met with the visiting Shaoxing Opera troupe again in Beijing. After hearing a report of the troupe’s work and operation, Zhou encouraged the artists to perform better for grassroots audience.
On September 25, 1961, Zhejiang Shaoxing Opera Troupe staged a play in commemoration of the 80th anniversary of the birthday of Lu Xun. After the performance, the premier took photos with artists. Three days later, the premier watched “Monkey King Subdues the White-Bone Demon,” another play staged by the troupe. Premier Zhou recommended the play to Mao Zedong. Mao watched and wrote a poem later.
Wuju Opera
Wuju Opera is the province’s second largest opera genre, extremely popular in central Zhejiang. It is known for its kongfu show and refined performance. It is also known for staging long plays. In November 1962, Zhou met with Zhejiang Wuju Opera Troupe in Beijing and asked curiously why he had not had any idea there was something called Wuju Opera in Zhejiang. It turned out that Mao Zedong had watched a Wuju Opera play in March 1962 in Hangzhou. Zhou watched the plays by the troupe twice and recommended some highlights. He recommended some highlights to Mao Zedong. Mao enjoyed the highlights.
Zhou spoke highly of the artistry of “Broken Bridge,” a legend that had various versions in various regional operas across China. The version staged by Zhejiang Wuju Opera Troupe was considered special by some artists. Some said the performance was the best. Zhou congratulated the troupe on its outstanding performance but questioned the very best moniker. He said that an excellent play always had some room for future interpretation and improvement.
紹劇《孫悟空三打白骨精》中的美猴王形象
The Monkey King in The Monkey King Subdues the White-Bone Demon, a Shaoxing Opera play
浙昆《十五貫》再度晉京演出。
Fifteen Strings of Copper Coins is staged in Beijing again by Zhejiang Kunqu Opera Troupe.
周恩來與《孟麗君》劇組的演職員親切交談,稱贊說:“這出戲你們改得好。”他鼓勵演職員“要繼續上山下鄉,多培養男演員。”
Zhou Enlai chats with artists who stage Meng Lijun on April 25, 1959.