生態(tài)開化 擁抱生態(tài)

從蓮花峰尖傾瀉的山水，跌宕蜿蜒，經(jīng)齊溪、走芹江，一路浩浩蕩蕩、奔流不息，最終匯成了浙江人民的母親河——錢塘江。

蓮花峰，坐落在開化縣齊溪鎮(zhèn)。開化縣是國家生態(tài)縣，境內(nèi)擁有錢江源國家森林公園和古田山國家自然保護(hù)區(qū)。2000年，開化縣在全國最早確立“生態(tài)立縣”發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略。“十年磨一劍”，在數(shù)屆縣委、縣政府和全縣人民的不懈努力下，如今，開化縣的大氣環(huán)境質(zhì)量始終保持在一、二級(jí)水平，開化的生態(tài)環(huán)境總體質(zhì)量、大氣質(zhì)量、水體質(zhì)量、生物豐度指數(shù)、植被覆蓋指數(shù)均列全國各縣市前列。

然而，擁抱生態(tài)，并不是一件簡單時(shí)髦的事，這意味著一種付出、一種執(zhí)著、一種嬗變、一種創(chuàng)新。

生態(tài)——“上游吃飯”與“下游喝水”

的辯證統(tǒng)一

開化縣是林業(yè)大縣。上世紀(jì)90年代初，開化涌現(xiàn)了大辦工業(yè)的熱潮，各類小礦山、小造紙廠、小化工企業(yè)遍布各鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)。然而，森林的砍伐破壞了環(huán)境，企業(yè)的發(fā)展帶來了污染。青山白化，河水泛渣。最嚴(yán)重的時(shí)候，出境水達(dá)到劣五類，水污染一度導(dǎo)致開化和鄰縣糾紛不斷。

下游老百姓要喝干凈水，而地處上游的開化一旦關(guān)閉治污無望的企業(yè)，則會(huì)有4000多人失去“飯碗”，財(cái)政也將失去相當(dāng)一部分稅收。上世紀(jì)末，當(dāng)開化縣著手關(guān)停污染企業(yè)時(shí)，一些鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)干部和群眾不理解：是保下游喝水重要，還是保本縣老百姓“吃飯”要緊？

“當(dāng)時(shí)想不通啊！”錢土金當(dāng)年是開化縣一家龍頭造紙企業(yè)的廠長，回憶往事時(shí)他發(fā)出這樣的感慨。他22歲就當(dāng)上了企業(yè)的工會(huì)副主席。大概在1991年底，1992年初的時(shí)候，這家造紙廠生產(chǎn)的水泥袋供不應(yīng)求，價(jià)格從1000元/噸直線躥到3000元/噸。當(dāng)萬元戶還是個(gè)稀罕物的時(shí)候，錢土金就能在這家企業(yè)領(lǐng)到1萬多元的年終獎(jiǎng)金。然而，這樣的“巨額獎(jiǎng)金”在1993年就結(jié)束了，因?yàn)槲廴鞠掠嗡幢幻襟w曝光，之后，造紙廠開始陷入時(shí)停時(shí)開的困境。2000年，企業(yè)正式關(guān)停，剛當(dāng)了兩年廠長的錢土金和上百名職工一起成了失業(yè)者。

既要保“下游喝水”，又要保“上游吃飯”！這是開化縣委、縣政府的決心，而立足生態(tài)，成了“上游吃飯”與“下游喝水”辯證統(tǒng)一的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。2000年，開化縣在全國率先正式確立并全面實(shí)施“生態(tài)立縣”發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，啟動(dòng)了暴風(fēng)驟雨般的“治山、治水、治窮、治污”四大治理措施。全縣在關(guān)停污染企業(yè)、封山育林、退耕還林的同時(shí)，積極調(diào)整產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)，重點(diǎn)發(fā)展低消耗、高產(chǎn)出、污染少的高新技術(shù)、綠色農(nóng)產(chǎn)品、竹木深加工、生態(tài)旅游等特色產(chǎn)業(yè)，為地方經(jīng)濟(jì)培育新的增長點(diǎn)，為轉(zhuǎn)產(chǎn)群眾開辟了新的致富門路。如今，以新能源、新材料、新光源為主導(dǎo)的“三新產(chǎn)業(yè)”已成為開化縣的工業(yè)主導(dǎo)產(chǎn)業(yè)，同時(shí)，開化縣還大力發(fā)展旅游業(yè)，農(nóng)家樂、采摘游等富有地方特色的旅游項(xiàng)目，成了當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)民致富增收的重要途徑。

因?yàn)楸Ｗo(hù)生態(tài)，錢土金下崗后，依靠縣政府出臺(tái)的扶持政策，當(dāng)年就在老廠子附近開了家包子鋪，如今他的包子鋪生意紅火，包子的品種從開始時(shí)的兩三種發(fā)展到10多種，成了當(dāng)?shù)厝穗x不開的著名小吃。

生態(tài)——“種種砍砍”到“走走看看”

的完美嬗變

每天上午8時(shí)，開化縣齊溪鎮(zhèn)里秧田村婦女余桂蘭和當(dāng)?shù)卦S多村民一樣，拎著兩個(gè)大籃子，來到位于錢江源大峽谷景區(qū)門口的“崗位”上。籃子里，滿滿的都是用食品袋包裝好的番薯干、野生苦丁茶、菜干等，還有許多瓶則裝著村民自家產(chǎn)的土蜂蜜。

大峽谷景區(qū)建成以后，50歲的余桂蘭在新“崗位”上學(xué)會(huì)了生意經(jīng)：賣礦泉水、烤番薯等土特產(chǎn)品，山里隨處可見的蘭花是許多城市游客眼中的寶貝，不同品種有不同的價(jià)格。

齊溪鎮(zhèn)位于錢江源頭，上世紀(jì)70年代末曾造出全國有名的“萬畝林場”。依靠“種種砍砍”，木材經(jīng)濟(jì)一直是當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)民的主要收入。近年來，隨著“錢江源頭”的名聲日益響亮，當(dāng)?shù)攸h委政府抓住契機(jī)，確立“生態(tài)立鎮(zhèn)、旅游興鎮(zhèn)”戰(zhàn)略，全力創(chuàng)建省級(jí)旅游強(qiáng)鎮(zhèn)，吸引了越來越多的城市游客前來“走走看看”。目前齊溪鎮(zhèn)已創(chuàng)建省級(jí)農(nóng)家樂示范村1個(gè)、省特色旅游村1個(gè)、市級(jí)農(nóng)家樂示范村1個(gè)，并分別在里秧田及齊溪2個(gè)村建立了農(nóng)家樂管理中心，全鎮(zhèn)農(nóng)家樂日接待能力達(dá)2000余人，省級(jí)旅游強(qiáng)鎮(zhèn)創(chuàng)建順利通過驗(yàn)收。

從“種種砍砍”到“走走看看”，仁宗坑村的汪年法深有感觸。老汪今年49歲，上世紀(jì)80年代曾依靠買賣木材養(yǎng)家糊口。后來，隨著進(jìn)錢江源旅游的人越來越多，老汪果斷改行開起了小飯店。2008年，他盤下了205國道旁的一幢老房子，投資150多萬元建起了占地400多平方米的“風(fēng)華飯店”，除了8個(gè)大包廂，樓上還有20個(gè)標(biāo)間供游客住宿。“每年夏天，上海、杭州等地的城市游客將錢江源擠得滿滿的！”汪年法介紹說，自己從鄰村請(qǐng)了6個(gè)幫工，年凈收入達(dá)到30萬。

在齊溪鎮(zhèn)，旅游資源日益成為當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)民增收的重要依托。在里秧田村，有像余桂蘭這樣在景點(diǎn)門口設(shè)攤叫賣的農(nóng)民生意人，有利用山貨制作旅游產(chǎn)品的家庭作坊，還有農(nóng)家樂經(jīng)營戶。用村支書張長班的話說，93戶村民，家家都與旅游產(chǎn)業(yè)拉上了關(guān)系。

為了讓游客“走走看看”更舒心，今春，村民們還在旅游沿線的山上種下了530多畝石榴、桃子、楊梅等果樹。“等這些果樹長大，滿山鮮艷的花果，呈現(xiàn)在游客面前的將是一個(gè)‘彩色錢江源’！”鎮(zhèn)黨委書記程軍華如是說。

生態(tài)——“有形之手”和“無形之手”

的無縫對(duì)接

關(guān)停污染企業(yè)、禁止亂砍濫伐。開化縣在“生態(tài)立縣”之初，政府這只“有形之手”對(duì)生態(tài)建設(shè)起到了無法替代的作用。而今，隨著整個(gè)社會(huì)生態(tài)意識(shí)的增強(qiáng)，市場經(jīng)濟(jì)這“無形之手”正對(duì)生態(tài)建設(shè)起到越來越大的作用。

開化縣音坑鄉(xiāng)下淤村，是縣城數(shù)家婚紗影樓的拍攝基地。清晨的陽光柔和地灑在村旁的馬金溪。岸邊，一位身穿潔白婚紗的新娘，時(shí)而含情脈脈，時(shí)而徘徊于青青草坪，時(shí)而依偎著新郎眺望遠(yuǎn)方……在一陣陣的“咔嚓”聲中，留下浪漫時(shí)刻。

然而，5年前，這里還是一個(gè)污水橫流、河道發(fā)黑的村莊。村黨支部書記葉志廷回憶起當(dāng)年情形，眉頭緊鎖。溪里，挖沙船“轟隆隆”作響，河道被挖得坑坑洼洼；有個(gè)村民常常去炸魚，一次，反而炸掉了自己的一條胳膊；村后的白虎山、月亮山，也被村民砍成了“瘌痢頭”；12棵千年古樟，被菜園地、露天糞坑與柵欄所包圍。

村里要借助臨近縣城的優(yōu)勢(shì)發(fā)展農(nóng)家樂，就必須對(duì)村莊環(huán)境進(jìn)行整治。從2004年開始，對(duì)村后470多畝景觀林實(shí)行封山育林；挖沙船上岸，取而代之的是清理淤泥和水面垃圾的小木排；河道兩旁、村莊內(nèi)，栽種了楊柳、香樟、楓木、桂花和山茶花等苗木；污水溝、污水塘、牛棚、露天廁所和違章建筑開展整治。村里還安排3名保潔員，村莊面貌漸漸干凈、整潔了。如今全村20多家農(nóng)家樂每年吸引數(shù)萬游客，村民生態(tài)致富的道路越走越寬。

開化縣能源辦創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì)的“秸稈兩相發(fā)酵制氣法”不僅獲得了發(fā)明專利，還將這項(xiàng)專利轉(zhuǎn)化生產(chǎn)出尤其適合農(nóng)村使用的“管道沼氣”，造福越來越多的當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)民。在桐村鎮(zhèn)黃石村，村民黃寶德算了一筆賬：兩噸秸稈可以換200立方沼氣，夠他們家燒一年，比使用液化氣省600多元，比用柴火省1400多元。

在桐村鎮(zhèn)裴源村，“順康牧業(yè)”投資3500萬元、年產(chǎn)生豬4.5萬頭的高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)生態(tài)化的生豬養(yǎng)殖場正在建設(shè)。除引進(jìn)高科技智能化的飼養(yǎng)設(shè)備外，生態(tài)環(huán)保也是該養(yǎng)殖場的一大特色。養(yǎng)殖場有兩個(gè)類似鍋爐的“大鐵球”，這就是沼氣池。新豬場建成后，將把養(yǎng)殖產(chǎn)生的污水全部引進(jìn)池內(nèi)進(jìn)行沼氣處理。利用產(chǎn)生的沼氣進(jìn)行發(fā)電，將能全面滿足養(yǎng)殖場的需要。同時(shí)，沼氣池產(chǎn)生的干糞發(fā)酵后用于山塘水庫養(yǎng)魚，沼液排入沼液沉淀池，然后進(jìn)入田間積液池，用于下游兩百多畝農(nóng)作物、茶葉基地施肥。通過循環(huán)利用，“順康牧業(yè)”每年能增加效益200多萬元。

下淤村的河道保潔員（朱建平 攝）

A river cleaner of Xiayu Village is at work.

錢塘江源頭的原生態(tài) （豐智慧 攝）

A rural scene of Kaihua County where Qiantang River starts

新人正在美麗的山水間留下幸福的時(shí)刻。（徐祝安 攝）

A couple is taking wedding photos against the restored rural scene in Kaihua.

Kaihua County Develops Green Economy

By Zhu Jianping

Kaihua County sits in the western Zhejiang. The streams from its mountains zigzag and help form Qiantang River， the mother river of the province. Lotus Mountain is considered the place where the mighty river starts. A national ecological county， the 2，236-km2 Kaihua houses Qiantang National Forest Park and Gutian Mountain Nature Reserve. Established as a county in 981 AD， Kaihua established itself in 2000 as the first county in China that strategically decided that a well-protected ecology was its economic lifeline and engine.

The county paid a heavy price before it became aware of the crisis and the importance of preserving its ecology. In the early 1990s， the county witnessed a booming industry wave. Small factories engaged in mining and chemicals and papermaking mushroomed. Serious pollution in Kaihua caused a serious problem to the downstream Qiantang River.

In the late 1990s， the county government had to shut down the worst pollution makers. People complained. What was more important: the drinking water for the people in downstream or the living of the local residents of the county? Many local government officials and residents questioned the wisdom of the shutdown campaign.

In 2000， Kaihua established green growth as the economic development strategy. Polluting enterprises were shut down， reforestation projects were started， and farmland in mountains was turned back for reforestation. Local industry was restructured. High-tech industry with low pollution， low energy consumption and high returns was introduced. Policies for tourism were issued. Today， Kaihua has a well-balanced industry. Local people make money in new ways and the local ecology has improved and flourished.

Qian Tujin used to work for a local cement factory in the 1990s. He earned very good money in 1991 and 1992. The factory was suspended in 1993 as the heavy pollution was widely reported in media. When the factory was officially shut down in 2000， Qian， who had been the manager of the factory for the previous two years， and his 100 employees lost their jobs. With a government startup fund， Qian started a steamed bun shop near the previous cement factory. Today， the shop enjoys a brisk business.

Qixi Town is at the water head of Qiantang River. Villagers used to make a living on logging. Today， forests are maintained and villages are tourist destinations. Household restaurants and inns can receive 20，000 per day. The 49-year-old Wang Nianfa used to live on logging. Today， he operates a 20-bed inn-restaurant business by State Highway 208. Every summer， he employs six people to help entertain tourists from Shanghai and Hangzhou. He makes a profit of 300，000 a year.

Xiayu Village was seriously polluted. It looked extremely ugly even five years ago. In 2004， the village started a restoration project. Villagers planted trees in more than 30 hectares in mountains around the village. The river was dredged and trees were planted along the banks. The houses and village infrastructure were refurbished. Today， ecology has been restored. More than 20 households run restaurant/in businesses. A few photograph studios in the county capital use the village as a scenic venue to take wedding photographs for young couples.

At Peiyuan Village， a 35-million-yuan pig farm is now under construction. The farm is supposed to be a green project. The farm is designed to raise 45，000 pigs a year and is to have two big iron-balls that serve as biogas cisterns. All the wastewater from the future pig farm will be processed in the two big balls. Biogas will be used to generate electricity for the whole operation. Dehydrated pig manure will be fed to fish in fishponds and reservoirs in mountains and biogas slurry will be further processed to fertilize crops and tea plantations in nearby fields. This green system minimizes pollution and creates additional benefits worth 2 million yuan a year.