教學獨立主格結構的一點體會

獨立主格結構是高中英語教學中的難點，但我認為初次教學時可以先復習賓語補足語，然后熟悉with復合結構，最后再教學獨立主格結構，這樣環環相扣，層層遞進，可以達到溫故知新、事半功倍的效果。

一、賓語補足語是學生們已學過的、比較熟悉的語法項目，是名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、不定式、現在分詞、過去分詞等形式做一些動詞賓語的補足語，補充說明賓語的性質、特征等情況。例如：

1. We elected ZhangHua our mornitor.

2. You should keep the classroom clean every day.

3. He always leaves the light on when he leaves.

4. The maths teacher held a ruler under the arm and entered the classroom.

5. The student asked his teacher to tell him how to learn English well.

6. We often hear her sing the popular song in the af-ternoon.

7. I heard her singing the popular song when I passed her room.

8. I heard the popular song sung by her when I passed her room.

二、With 復合結構可以理解為上述的名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、不定式、現在分詞、過去分詞等做介詞with的賓語補足語，補充說明其性質特征等情況。例如：

1. With the old man /him our guide， we found the village easily.

2. With the door closed， she is studying carefully.

3. With the light on/off， he went out of the office to play chess.

4. With a ruler under his arm， the maths teacher walked into the classroom.

5. With much work to do， the headmaster can’t go home this weekend.

6. With the Party leading， China becomes stronger and more beautiful.

7. With all the task completed，they left the company happily.

三、將with 復合結構中的with 去掉，就可變成獨立主格結構。若with的賓語是人稱代詞的賓格需將其變為主格，若with 的賓語是可數名詞的單數形式，需將不定冠詞去掉。

1. The old man/He our guide， we found the village easily.

2. The door closed ， she is studying carefully in study.

3. The light on/off， he went out of the office to play chess.

4. Ruler under his arm， the maths teacher entered the classroom.

5. Much work to do， the headmaster can’t go home this weekend.

6. The Party leading， China has made great progress.

7. All the task completed， they left the company happily.

由此可以看出獨立主格結構是獨立的主語和上述各類形式的組合結構。它和句子主語不發生主謂或動賓關系，單獨存在，但它前面有自己的邏輯主語，不能構成句子，是短語作狀語。實際上是主語后面直接跟名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、不定式、分詞等形式補充說明主語的性質特征等，理解為主語補足語更為直觀、易懂。

四、獨立主格結構與獨立成分、分詞作狀語的比較。在利用上述方法認識獨立主格結構的形式和內涵后，還需進一步地同分詞作狀語、獨立成分作比較，達到深化、透徹理解的目的。

（一）分詞作狀語，其邏輯主語必須是句子的主語，并且有一定的聯系。若和主語構成主謂關系就用現在分詞，若構成動賓關系就要用過去分詞。例如：

1.Following the teacher， all the students went into the Great Hall.

2.Followed by the teacher， all the students went into the Great Hall.

3.Seeing her mother，the girl burst into tears.

4.Seen from the tall building，our village looks more beautiful.

5.Heating to 100℃， we can change water into gas.

6.Heated to 100℃， water can be changed into gas.

（二）獨立主格結構和句子的主語不發生主謂或動賓關系，但它有自己的邏輯主語。現在比較下面的例句：

1.Being ill， she didn’t go to school yesterday.

2.She being ill， her mother took her to the hospital.

3.Being late， she didn’t dare to enter the classroom.

4.He being late again， the headteacher was very angry.

5.Bitten by the dog ，he was sent to the hospital at once.

6.He bitten by the dog， his friends sent him to the hospital at once.

7.Questioned by the teacher， he didn’t know what to say.

8.He questioned by the teacher， his deskmate helped him to answer.

以上1.3.5.7.句是分詞作狀語，其中1.3.句中分詞和主語構成邏輯上的主謂關系，因此用了現在分詞;5.7.句中分詞和主語構成邏輯上的動賓關系，因此用了過去分詞。2.4.6.8.句是獨立主格結構，兩部分都各有自己的主語。其中2.4.句中的-ing形式和它前面的邏輯主語構成主謂關系；6.8.句中的-ed形式和它前面的邏輯主語構成動賓關系。顯然，分詞作狀語時，分詞所在的短語沒有主語，它的邏輯主語就是句子的主語；而獨立主格結構中，分詞所在的短語有自己的邏輯主語，句子也有自己的主語。

（三）獨立成分在句中作插入語。它前面沒有自己的邏輯主語，也不和后面句子的主語發生邏輯上的主謂或動賓關系，它上下或前后都沒有依附關系，單獨存在，所以稱為獨立成分。常見的獨立成分如下：

Generally speaking，Honestly speaking， Frankly speaking，Judging from...

Considering everything， To tell you the truth，To make things worse...例句：

①Honestly speaking，your composition isn’t written well.

②Considering everything，the work is well done.

試做下面的題目：

（1）_____________，he didn’t attend the party with his friends.

（2）_____________，his friends didn’t ask him to attend the party.

（3）_____________made him not attend the party last weekend.

（4_____________，he is too tired to attend the party.

A.Judging from his look B.He being tired

C.Being tired D.His being tired

（5）_____________，he felt satisfied with it and smiled.

（6）_____________ ，his parents felt satisfied and smiled.

（7）_____________made all the people present surprised.

（8）_____________，his spoken English is fluent.

A.Speaking English fluently

B.He speaking English fluently

C.Generally speaking

D.His speaking English fluently

答案：（1）C（2）B（3）D（4）A （5）A（6）B（7）D（8）C

（責任編輯黃曉）