例析2010高考英語閱讀理解中的主旨大意題

摘 要：高考英語閱讀理解中的主旨大意題，可以根據題干的表現形式，運用略讀、找主題句、抓文章中心等方法去尋索答案。

關鍵詞：高考英語；閱讀理解；主旨大意題；解題技巧

中圖分類號：G633.41 文獻標識碼：A 文章編號：1009-010X（2010）11-0019-05

2010年高考英語試題中，閱讀理解題的考查集中表現為對主旨大意、推理判斷、細節理解、詞義猜測的考查，下面就主旨大意題做一分析。

主旨大意題要求考生歸納文章或段落的中心大意（main idea），選擇標題（title），判斷作者的寫作目的（purpose）等，考查的是文章的中心。2010年全國各省市19套高考英語試題中，有16套試題進行了主旨大意考查，涉及的題目共32道。

一、主旨大意題的題干表現形式

1.主題型主旨大意題。

This passage/text is mainly about… （2010江西卷 E 75；2010安徽卷E 75）

Which of the following can best describe Andy’s escape from the bees? （2010江西卷 A59）

What is the text（passage）mainly about？2010全國卷I B 59；全國卷IC 63）

What is the main idea of the passage?（2010浙江卷 C 52）

What does the passage（text）mainly discuss?（2010江西卷D 71；全國卷I D 67）

What does this text mainly talk about? （2010全國卷II C 50）

What does the fourth paragraph mainly talk about? （2010四川卷C 51）

what is the theme of the story?（2010湖北卷A54）

What is the message mainly expressed in the story? （2010重慶卷A 59）

2.目的類主旨大意題。

The main purpose of the text is to _______. （2010安徽卷D 71）

What is （the main） purpose of this（the） text （passage）?（2010四川卷B 48、C52 ；2010重慶卷E 75）

What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage? （2010湖北卷E 70）

The author intends to.（2010福建卷B 62）

The purpose of the … is to （2010福建卷D 71）

3.標題類主旨大意題。

The best title for the text（passage）would（might）be ____________.（2010安徽卷A 59）

Which of the following is （might be） the best title for the passage? （2010廣東卷 B 50； 2010江蘇卷 D 70； 2010上海卷C 75）

Which of the following can（would） be the best title of（for） this（the） text（passage）? （2010四川卷A 44；2010重慶卷D 71）

What can（would） be the best title for the（this） text（passage）? （2010湖南卷C 70；2010福建卷B；2010全國卷II B 49； 2010遼寧卷C 67； 2010天津卷 D 55）

Which is the best possible title of the passage? （2010湖北卷C 62）

二、主旨大意題的解題技巧

1.用略讀法（Skimming）迅速瀏覽全文。

特別注意文章的首句、尾句，或每段的首句、尾句，遇到生詞盡量猜，猜不出的生詞就跳過去。

2.找準主題句。

主題句通常是一段的句首或句尾，偶爾在一段中間，有的文章無明顯的主題句，主題句隱含在段意之中。

3.抓住中心詞。

任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個主題展開的，因此，許多文章中最明顯的特點之一是有一個反復出現的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫主題詞。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。

例文分析：

Sample 1

Boston---- Thieves dressed as police entered a museum early Sunday and stole 11 paintings， including major works by Rembrandt， Dagas， Manet and Vermerr， FBI （美國聯邦調查局） and the museum officials said.

The first judgment placed value of at least $100 million on the works stolen from the Isabella Gardener Museum， said Boston police spokes-man Jim Tordan.

…

William Bobinson， of Hardvard Univercity’s Foggel Museum， called the objects stolen “major works.”

1. What is the best headline for this newspaper article ?

A. A Theft Took Place in Boston

B. Artworks stolen by Thieves

C. Major Works

D. Investigation into the theft

【答案】B。

【技巧點撥】主題句在文首（見畫線部分）：即先點出主題，然后圍繞這一主題做陳述。在議論文、說明文、科技文獻和新聞報道中多采用這種格式。

Sample 2

If you were planning to buy a television set， the following advertisement would certainly attract your attention: “Color TV， only $79. Two-day sale. Hurry.”However， when you go to the store ready to buy， you may discover that the advertised sets are sold out. But the salesman is quick to reassure you that he has another model， a more reliable set which is “just right for you.”It costs $359. This sales tactic is called “bait and switch.” Buyers are baited with a sales offer， and then they are switched to another more costly item. Buying items on sale requires careful consideration of the merchandise（商品）and the reasons for the sale.

2. What’s the purpose of this article?

A. The customer must be on his guard when purchasing items on sale.

B. Color television sets which sell for $79 are sold out quickly.

C. Many stores use the“bait and switch”technique to attract customers.

D. Anyone planning to buy a television set should look for a sale.

【答案】A。

【技巧點撥】主題句在文尾（見畫線部分）。作者先擺出事實依據，層層推理，最后得出結論，即文章的主題。這在記敘文中比較常見。

Sample 3

The government of India encourages married men and women to be sterilized（使不孕）so they cannot have more children. In China， families can be punished for having more than one child. Both of these countries have very large populations， and if the number of people continues to increase， there will not be enough food， houses， or jobs for the people. As a result， India， China， and other populous countries are following a family-planning policy—they want families to limit the number of children they will have. Teachers， doctors， and social workers are explaining to the people why they should have fewer children by using birth control methods such as contraception and sterilization .

3. Which statement best expresses the main idea of the paragraph?

A. Some populous countries are following a family-planning policy.

B. India and China have very large populations.

C. The government of India encourages sterilization.

D. In china， families can be punished for having more than one child.

【答案】A。

【技巧點撥】主題句在文中（見畫線部分）。常常有兩種情況：或先提出問題，然后給予回答（主題句），再給予解釋；或先提出問題，然后點出主題思想（主題句），最后給予解釋。

Sample 4

In the 1930s， a lot of people in the USA were out of work. Among these people was a man named Alfred Butts. He always had an interest in word games and to fill his time he planned a game which he called “Lexico”. However， he was not completely satisfied with the game， so he made a number of changes to it and changed its name from “ Lexico” to “Alph” and then to “Criss Cross”. He wanted to make some money from his new game but he didn’t have any real commercial（商業性的）success.

4. The text is mainly about________.

A. Lexico B. Three men

C. A word game D. Alfred Butts.

【答案】C。

【技巧點撥】本段無明顯的主題句，主題句隱含在段意之中。應從全文中歸納要點抓大意，特別注意文中多次出現的高頻詞或主題詞。

在靈活運用好上述的幾種方法的同時，還應遵循“精、忠、全、新”的四字原則：“精”是指用精煉的語言概括出文章的中心思想；“忠”是指必須忠實于原文，不能憑空想象，隨意揣測；“全”是指要排除掉那些片面的選項，選取包含文章的主要內容及作者觀點的選項，范圍不宜過大或過小；“新”是指所選擇的標題要新穎，對讀者有吸引力，能激發閱讀興趣。

三、2010年高考英語主旨大意題分析

下面結合2010年高考試題分類例析主旨大意題的解題方法和技巧

1.主題句在文首（2010遼寧卷，C）

Too much TV-watching can harm children’s ability to learn and even reduce their chances of getting a college degree， new studies suggest in the latest effort to examine the effects of television on children.

One of the studies looked at nearly 400 northern California third-graders. Those with TVs in their bedrooms scored about eight points lower on math and language arts tests than children without bedroom TVs.

A second study ，looking at nearly 1000 grown-ups in New Zealand， found lower education levels among 26-year -olds who had watched lots of TV during childhood. But the results don’t prove that TV is the cause anddon't ride out that already poorly motivated youngsters （年輕人）may watch lots of TV.

Their study measured the TV habits of 26-year-olds between ages5 and 15. These with college degrees had watch an average of less than two hours of TV per week night during childhood， compared with an average of more than 2 1/2 hours for those who had no education beyond high school.

In the California study， children with TVs in their rooms but no computer at home scored the lowest while those with no bedroom TV but who had home computers scored the highest.

While this study does not prove that bedroom TV sets caused the lower scores， it adds to accumulating findings that children shouldn't have TVs in their bedrooms

67. What would be the best title for this text?

A. Computers or Television

B. Effects of Television on Children

C. Studies on TV and College Education

D. Television and Children's Learning Habits

【答案】B。

【點撥】主題型主旨大意題。主題句出現在文章第一段（見畫線部分）。通讀全文可知，文章主要通過兩項研究分析了看電視對兒童學習能力及受教育水平所造成的影響。

2.主題句在文尾（2010重慶卷，E）

Humans are naturally drawn to other life forms and the worlds outside of our own. We take delight in the existence of creatures and even whole societies beyond our everyday lives.

This sense of wonder is universal. Look at the efforts that scientists have made to find out whether life of some kind exists on Mars， and the popularity of fantasy （幻想） literature or movies like The Lord of the Rings. This sense of wonder draws us to each other， to the world around us， and to the world of make-believe. But have we gone so far in creating worlds of fantasy that we are missing the pleasure of other worlds that already exist all around us?

Human beings， as biologists have suggested， possess an inborn desire to connect with and understand other life forms. However， people， especially in big cities， often lead rather isolated lives. In a study of British schoolchildren， it was found that children by age eight were much more familiar with characters from television shows and video games than with common wildlife. Without modem technology， a small pond could be an amazing world filled with strange and beautiful plants， insects， birds， and animals. When we lack meaningful interaction（交互） with the world around us， and sometimes even with our families and friends， we seek to understand and communicate with things that exist only in our imaginations or on a computer screen。

The world of make-believe is not necessarily bad. But when the world of fantasy becomes the only outlet（出路） for our sense of wonder， then we are really missing something. We are missing a connection with the living world. Other wonderful worlds exist all around us. But even more interesting is that if we look closely enough， we can see that these worlds， in a broad sense， are really part of our own.

75. What is the main purpose of the passage?

A. To show us the hidden beauty in our world.

B. To warn us not to get lost in the fantasy world.

C. To argue against the misuse of the sense of wonder.

D. To discuss the influence of the world of make-believe.

【答案】B

【點撥】目的類主旨大意題。主題句在文章最后一段（見畫線部分）。本文講述我們對于外部世界和外來生命的探索（如火星上的生命存在問題）已經遠遠超出了其行為的本身。作者寫這篇文章的目的就是要提醒我們不要沉迷在幻想之中。由此判斷選B項。

3.主題句貫穿全文（2010福建卷，B）

Forget Twitter and Facebook， Google and the Kindle. Television is still the most influential medium around. Indeed ，for many of the poorest regions（地區）of the world， it remains the next big thing——finally becomes globally available. And that is a good thing， because the TV revolution is changing lives for the better.

Across the developing world， around 45% of families had a TV in 1995; by 2005 the number had climbed above 60%. That is some way behind the U.S. ， where are more TVs than people， and where people now easily get access to the Internet. Five million more families in sub-Saharan Africa will get a TV over the next five years. In 2005 ， after the fall of the Taliban（塔利班），which had outlawed TV， 1 in 5 Afghans had one. The global total is another 150 million by 2013——pushing the numbers to well beyond two thirds of families.

Television’s most powerful effect will be on the lives of women. In India， researchers Robert Jensen and Emily Oster found that when TVs reached villages， women were more likely to go to the market without their husbands’ approval and less likely to want a boy rather than a girl. They were more likely to make decisions over child health care. TV is also a powerful medium for adult education. In the Indian state of Gujarat， Chitrageet is a popular show that plays Bollywood songs with words in Gujarati on the screen. Within six months， viewers had made a small but significant（有意義的） improvement in their reading skills.

Too much TV has been associated with violence， overweight and loneliness. However， TV is having a positive influence on the lives of billions worldwide.

62. The author intends to .

A. stress the advantages of TV to people’s lives

B. persuade women to become more independent

D. introduce the readers some websites such as Google

C. encourage people to improve their reading skills

【答案】A

【點撥】目的類主旨大意題。全文敘述了作者對于電視的看法，意欲強調電視在世界范圍內對人們的生活起著積極的作用。故A項正確

63. What would be the best title for the passage?

A.TV Will Rule the World

B.TV Will Disturb the World

C.TV Will Better the World

D.TV Will Remain in World

【答案】C

【點撥】標題類主旨大意題。有文章第一段第二句“Television is still the most influential medium around.”第三段第一句“Television’s most powerful effect will be on the lives of women. ”及文章最后一段第二句“However， TV is having a positive influence on the lives of billions worldwide.” 可知，本文主要講的是電視將會讓人們生活越來越好。C項涵蓋了文章的中心內容，恰如其分地表達了文章的主旨大意。由此可知應選C項。rule統治；disturb妨礙，含貶義；remain仍然是，仍存在，均體現不出電視的益處，與主題不符。

4.無明顯主題句，但有高頻信息詞（2010安徽卷，E）

The need to feed a growing population is putting much pressure on the world’s supply of water. With 97% of the world’s water too salty to salty to be drunk or be drunk or used in agriculture， the worldwide Supply of water needs careful management， especially in agriculture， Although the idea of a water shortage（短缺）seems strange to someone fortunate enough to live in a high rainfall country， many of the world’s agricultural industries experience constant water shortages .

Although dams can be built to store water for agricultural use in dry areas and dry seasons， the costs of water redistribution（重新分配） are very high. Not only is there the cost of the engineering itself ，but there is also an environmental cost to be considered. Where valleys（山谷） are flooded to create dams， houses are lost and wildlife homes destroyed . Besides， water may flow easily through pipes to fields， but it cannot be transported from one side of the world to the other. Each country must therefore rely on the management of its own water to supply its farming requirements.

This is particularly troubling for countries with agricultural industries in areas dependent on irrigation（灌溉）. In Texas， farmers’ overuse of irrigation water has resulted in a 25% reduction of the water stores. In the Central Valley area of southwestern USA， a huge water engineering project provided water for farming in dry valleys， but much of the water use has been poorly managed.

Saudi Arabia’s attempts to grow wheat in desert areas have seen the pumping of huge quantities of irrigation（灌溉）water from underground reserves.Because there is no rainfall in these areas， such reserves can only decrease， and it is believed that fifty years of pumping will see them run dry.

75. The text is mainly about .

A. water supply and increasing population

B. water use management and agriculture

C. water redistribution and wildlife protection

D. water shortages and environmental protection

【答案】B

【點撥】主題型主旨大意題。本文主要講述了世界可用淡水資源的匱乏及對農業的影響。本文前面部分主要是講述農業上在利用水資源過程中存在的一些問題，后面部分接下來是介紹加強水資源管理的方法和措施。文中多次出現的信息詞（見畫線部分）有：agriculture，management，agricultural，overuse of irrigation water，water use，managed等，只有B項能反映文章主題，故選B項。

5.沒有明顯的主題句和高頻詞出現，要根據全文來總結出主旨大意。（2010四川卷，C）

Alex London Research Laboratory （ALRL） is part of Alex Co.， Ltd.， a major Australian medicine-making company. Opened in 1992， ALRL specialises in the development of new medicines for the treatment of heart diseases．

A position is now open for a Research Operations Manager（ROM） to support our growing research team at the new laboratories in Hatfield，due to open in the autumn of 2010．

Reporting to the Director，you will help set up and run the technical and scientific support services of our new laboratories now under construction．You will be expected to provide expert knowledge about and be in charge of all areas of ALRL’S Health and Safety，and to communicate （溝通）with support employees at ALRL’S laboratories based at University College London．Working closely with scientists and other operations and technical employees，you will manage a small number of research support employees providing services to help with the research activities to be carried out at the new laboratories．

Candidates（申請人） will have experience of both management and research support／technical services．Knowledge of research operations and excellent communication skills are necessary. Education to degree level is also desirable．

If you are interested in this position，please send your CV（簡歷）to Alex London Research Laboratory，University College London，Hatfield，London，W1E 6B7 or by email to ALRL@alex.co.uk．

For more Information．please visit www.alex.co.uk．

51．What does the fourth paragraph mainly talk about?

A．The technical skills of a would-be ROM．

B．The practical experience of a would-be ROM．

C．The personal information of a would-be ROM．

D．The necessary requirements for a would-be ROM．

【答案】D

【點撥】主題型主旨大意題。依據第四段提供的所有信息：申請人要有管理和技術服務的經驗、研究操作的知識及極好的交際技能等，可總結出主旨：本段主要談及對應聘職位者的具體能力要求。

52．What is the purpose of the text?

A． To describe the job of a ROM．

B． To provide information about ALRL．

C． To announce an open position at ALRL．

D． To make known the opening of the new laboratories．

【答案】C

【點撥】目的類主旨大意題。本篇文章為廣告招聘，屬于應用性文題。文章提供了Alex Co.， Ltd招聘一名ROM的信息，并對要招聘的職位提出了具體的要求。目的自然是讓大家了解ALRL公司有一公開招聘的職位。