看０８年高考題，議非謂語動詞的邏輯關系

非謂語動詞是中學生很難掌握及運用的一個語法項目，其中有關邏輯分析的句型是最讓中學生感到頭痛的。那么，怎樣才能讓學生既能輕松地理解又能靈活地運用這一語法難點呢?先從以下幾個方面加以分析，并從中找出其規律來。

一、句首充當狀語的情況

1. ____ around the Water Cube， we were then taken to see the Bird’s Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games. (2008陜西卷)

A. Having shownB. To be shownC. Having been shownD. To show

2. ____ in the queue for half an hour， the old man suddenly realized he had left the cheque in the car. (2008福建卷)

A. Waiting B. To waitC. Having waitedD. To have waited

析:主句中的主語是分詞短語中非謂語動詞的邏輯主語，構成邏輯主謂關系。如表主動則用現在分詞，表被動則用過去分詞?？祭?、2中的分詞短語動作都已完成。故答案都為C。

3. ____ the project as planned， we’ll have to work two more hours a day. (2008湖南卷)

A. Completing B. CompleteC. Completed D. To complete

4. The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle ____. (2007 浙江卷)

A. to be heard B. to have heardC. hearing D. being heard

析:3， 4兩題中的狀語均為目的狀語。不定式常用作目的狀語，在考例3中和主語構成主動關系，答案為D;而考例4中和主語構成被動關系，故答案為A。

5. Being repaired at that time， the motorcar looked old.

6. Repaired， the motorcar looked new.

7. Having been repaired again and again， the motorcar was still in disorder.

析:根據主句中的主語和repair的邏輯關系，三句均為被動關系，例句5表示“正在被修”;例句6表示“已經被修”;例句7表示“反復被修”，故用不同分詞形式表示不同的時間關系。

8. ____ that she was going off to sleep， I asked if she’d like that little doll on her bed.

(2008北京卷)

A. SeeingB. To seeC. See D. Seen

9. ____， the children saved from the earthquake should be sent to a suitable school.

A. To consider everything B. Considered everything

C. Everything considering D. Everything considered

10. You have no idea how she finished the relay race ____ her foot wounded so much.

(2008福建卷)

A. forB. whenC. withD. while

析:當主句中主語和前面的狀語中的動詞不能構成邏輯上的主謂關系時，其狀語不能用非謂語動詞，需要狀語從句，獨立主格結構，介詞復合結構，故考例8、9、10答案分別為ADC。

二、不定式作定語的情況

1. If there is a lot of work ____， I’m happy to just keep on until it is finished. (2008上海卷)

A. to do B. to be doing C. doneD. doing

2. I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good ____. (2008全國I卷)

A. to be breathedB. to breathe C. breathing D. being breathed

析:不定式作定語和主語構成邏輯上的主謂關系，和其所修飾的詞構成邏輯上的動賓關系時常用主動形式表示被動。因此考例1答案選A，考例2答案選B。

3. We have found a room to live in.

4. Please hand me a knife to cut with.

5. I really have no time and no place to lie.

析:3、4、5句雖同前考例1、2一樣， 都作定語，但當不定式中的動詞為不及物動詞時，就無被動語態，一般加上適當的介詞，如例句3、4;但當所修飾的詞為time，place，way時，則習慣上省去不及物動詞后的介詞，如例句5。

6. Do you have any clothes to wash this afternoon?

7. “Do you have any clothes to be washed this afternoon?” asked the maid.

析:此兩句雖是同樣的邏輯關系，但句意不同，例句6中to wash的邏輯主語是you，而例句7中to be washed的邏輯主語不是you，而是 the maid。

8. Here is the homework to be done on Sunday.

9. As soon as he returned， he found there was much work to be done.

析:不定式和所修飾的詞構成邏輯上的動賓關系，但不定式的動詞無邏輯主語時，則不定式用被動語態。

三、動詞不定式和動名詞作賓語的情況

1. She didn’t know what to say at the meeting.

2. We hardly decide which flat to choose.

3. She certainly knew what was to be done.

析:如賓語為疑問詞加不定式時，不定式和前面的主語構成邏輯上的主謂關系，和其前面的疑問詞構成邏輯上的動賓關系，則不定式常用主動形式表被動(如例句1、2)，但若把其改為賓語從句，不定式則要用被動形式(如例句3)。

4. The newly bought house needs furnishing. =The newly bought house needs to be furnished.

5. All of the boys and girls need to have a good rest.

6. As a result of the serious flood， two-thirds of the buildings in the area ____.

(2007 陜西卷)

A. need repairingB. needs to repair C. needs repairing D. need to repair

析:當句中謂語為need， want， require， demand等，且句中的主語和作賓語的非謂語動詞構成邏輯上的動賓關系時，可用動名詞的主動形式表被動，也可用不定式的被動形式，如例句4。如果句中的主語和作賓語的非謂語動詞構成邏輯上的主謂關系時，只能用不定式的主動形式，如例5。故考例6答案選A。

7. The film adapted from his novel is worth seeing a second time.

8. The film adapted from his novel is worthy of being seen.= The film adapted from his novel is worthy to be seen.

析:在例句7，8中，句中的主語和動名詞或不定式構成邏輯上的動賓關系，在例句7中，只能用動名詞，且要用主動形式表示被動;在例句8中，用“of being seen”或“to be seen”兩種形式均可。

四、不定式和動名詞的復合結構

1. The task is not easy for the poor boy to finish.

2. It is very wise of you to make such a decision.

3. It took a long time for the connection ____ between body temperature and illness.

(2006江西卷)

A. to make B. to be made C. makingD. being made

析:在不定式前用介詞“for”或“of”連接名詞或代詞構成不定式的復合結構。在例句1中，不定式和the poor boy構成邏輯上的主謂關系，和前面的主語構成邏輯上的動賓關系，此不定式用主動形式表示被動;在例句2中，不定式的復合結構作真正的主語。因為connection與make之間構成動賓關系，故考例3選B。

4. His coming late for the meeting made the boss angry.

5. At the beginning of class， the noise of desks ____ could be heard outside the classroom.(2007 全國卷Ⅱ)

A. opened and closedB. to be opened and closed

C. being opened and closed D. to open and close

析:動名詞的復合結構常作主語或賓語，前面的形容詞性物主代詞，人稱代詞賓格或名詞所有格或普通格為動名詞的邏輯主語。考例5中的open和close與其邏輯主語desks構成動賓關系，故答案選C。

五、獨立主格結構

1. He lay on his back， his teeth set， his right hand closed on his breast and his glaring eyes looking straight upward.

2. There being no bus， we had to go to work by taking a taxi.

3. The children went home from the grammar school， their lessons ____ for the day.

(2007 重慶卷)

A. finishing B. finished C. had finishedD. were finished

析:獨立主格結構中可用分詞或不定式，其前面的名詞和后面的非謂語動詞構成邏輯上的主謂關系或動賓關系。如果是主謂關系就用現在分詞或不定式的主動形式;如果是動賓關系就用過去分詞或不定式的被動形式。因此考例3答案選B。

六、介詞with的復合結構

1. The murderer was brought to the court with his hands tied at the back.

2. With so many problems to solve， the prime minister looks worried.

3. ——Come on， please give me some ideas about the project.

——Sorry. With so much work____my mind， I almost break down. (2007 福建卷)

A. filled B. fillingC. to fillD. being filled

析:在介詞with的復合結構中，也可以用非謂語動詞。前面的名詞或代詞與非謂語動詞構成邏輯上的主謂關系或動賓關系，表示主謂關系時，常用主動形式;表示被動關系時，常用過去分詞或被動形式。故考例3答案選B。

總而言之，要想很好的掌握非謂語動詞的邏輯分析，關鍵在于分析判斷句子中的邏輯關系是屬于主謂關系還是動賓關系，其邏輯主語或邏輯賓語通常是主句的主語，非謂語動詞前所修飾的名詞或代詞或復合結構、獨立結構中的名詞或代詞，應根據其具體特點，來使用非謂語動詞的不同形式及不同語態。