新目標(biāo)七年級下Ｕｎｉｔｓ９－１２詞語辨析

張　慶　李　銳

Unit 9

1. examination/test/quiz

[一語擊破]這三個詞都是“考試”的意思，但含義有所不同：examination通常只指正式的“考試”，如期終考試，入學(xué)考試等。

He did very well in the entrance examinations.

他在入學(xué)考試中成績很好。

exam為examination的縮寫，常用于口語，多為學(xué)生使用。

I have to prepare for tomorrows exam. 我必須準(zhǔn)備明天的考試。

test指“小考”或“考查”。

Theres going to be an English test this morning.

今天上午將進行一次英語小考。

quiz指“測驗”，特指事先無準(zhǔn)備，隨時進行的測驗，也可指(廣播節(jié)目等中的)一般知識測驗，問答比賽，猜謎等。

Our teacher gave us a ten-minute quiz.

我們的老師對我們進行了一次十分鐘的測驗。

注意：說某科考試，在學(xué)科的詞前面用in或on都可以。例如：exami-nation in (或on) English grammar(英語語法考試)，用in比用on普通。test可指(做)物理，化學(xué)等試驗。

[鞏固精練]

用examination, test或quiz填空：

(1)The entrance ____ to high school began yesterday.

(2)We are going to have a ____ on the first lesson next Friday.

(3)The ____ of the second term extends(包括) over the work of the whole year.

(4)Mr Zhang showed them how to do a ____ in the chemistry lab(化學(xué)實驗室).

(5)He took part in a television ____ and won several prizes.

Key:(1)examination (2)test (3)examination (4)test (5)quiz

2. a few/few/a little/little

[一語擊破]它們在語法中稱為限定詞，a few和few一般與可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)一起使用。a few意思上相當(dāng)于some或several, few的否定意義更強烈一些，有時它們也可以作為代詞，代替上文所提到的名詞。例如：

It is snowing heavily, but there are still a few children playing out-side. 雖然外面正下著大雪，但是仍舊有一些孩子在玩。

This math problem is so difficult that few students in our class can work it out. 這道數(shù)學(xué)題太難了，班里幾乎沒有人能做出來。

——Do you want some eggs? 你想要一些雞蛋嗎？

——Yes. Just a few. 是的，就要一些吧。

a little和little在使用方法上與few和a few基本相同，只是它們與不可數(shù)名詞一起使用或代替上文所提到的不可數(shù)名詞。更重要的是a little和little還是程度副詞，可以修飾形容詞或副詞。例如：

There is little ink in the bottle. 瓶子里幾乎沒有墨水了。

I have still a little water here. 我這里還有一些水。

It looks a little difficult. 看起來有點困難。

3. speak/talk

Dont speak to me now. 現(xiàn)在別跟我說話。

Im talking. 我在談話。

[一語擊破]

(1)speak的意思是“說話”，指說話的能力和方式，一般用作不及物動詞，意為“演講”。此外還可用作及物動詞，其賓語往往是語言名稱。例如：

Who is speaking at the meeting? 誰正在會上發(fā)言?

Do you speak Chinese? 你說漢語嗎?

(2)talk的意思是“談話”，“交談”，指相互之間的談話，一般用作不及物動詞。要表示談到某人某事時，后面接介詞about或of。例如：

Please stop talking and listen to me. 請不要說話了，聽我講。

Lets not talk about it now. 這事咱們現(xiàn)在別談了。

(3)speak to和talk to意思基本上一致，都表示“和……談話”。例如：

They are speaking/talking to a foreign friend.

他們正在和一位外國朋友談話。

[鞏固精練]

用speak或talk填空：

(1) The students are ____ about the film in the room.

(2) Please ____ clearly.

(3) Two men are ____ in front of the house.

(4) They can ____ a little English.

(5) The child just begins to ____.

(6) On the bus we sat together and ____.

Key:(1)talking (2)speak (3)talking (4)speak (5)speak (6)talked

Unit 10

1. at the corner/in the corner/on the corner

[一語擊破]

A. at the corner 意為“在拐角處”，指一百八十度以上的角。

I saw her at the corner of the street yesterday.

昨天我在街道拐角處見到了她。

B. in the corner 意為“在……的內(nèi)角”，指一百八十度以下的角。

There is a chair in the corner of the room. 屋角里有一把椅子。

C. on the corner 意為“在角上”，也可解作“在拐角處”，這時與at the corner同義，可以互換。

The book is on the corner of the desk. 這本書在桌子角上。

[鞏固精練]

用at the corner, in the corner或 on the corner填空：

(1) His house is ____ near the cinema.

(2) Please put this desk ____ of the classroom.

(3) He is sitting ____ of the box.

(4) Is the restaurant right ____ of Washington Street?

Key:(1)at(on) the corner (2)in the corner (3)on the corner (4)at(on) the corner

2. vacation/holiday

[一語擊破]

A. 兩者都可以表示“假期”，在英國一般用holiday，在美國多用vaca-tion, 但英國大學(xué)里多用vacation, 中小學(xué)里用holiday。 a holiday可能是“一天假期”，也可能是“一次(長達幾天的)假期”。如果假期不止一天，像寒暑假，則通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：

Friday is a holiday in Muslim countries.

星期五是穆斯林國家的假日。

Summer holidays will begin next month. 下個月暑假就要開始了。

B. holiday還可以表示“節(jié)日”，“紀念日”。例如:

Everyone was in his holiday clothes. 人人都穿上了節(jié)日的盛裝。

C. vacation指一段時間的假期，指寒暑假時往往用單數(shù)形式。例如：

The students will go home during the winter vacation.

寒假期間學(xué)生要回家去。

She spent a pleasant vacation in the country.

她在鄉(xiāng)下度過了一個愉快的假期。

D. “在休假中”可以說on vacation或on holiday。例如：

Your friend is coming to stay in your house for one week while you and your family are away on holiday.

你和你家里的人外出度假時，你的朋友打算來你家住一個星期。

[鞏固精練]

用holiday或vacation填空：

(1) The summer ____ usually begins at the beginning of July.

(2) He is away on ____.

(3) Christmas is a ____ for everybody in the West.

(4) In Britain, universities have ____ while schools have ____.

Key:(1)vacation (2)holiday/vacation (3)holiday (4)vacations, holidays

3. go/walk

[一語擊破]兩者都是不及物動詞，含有“走”的意思。但：

(1)go表示“離去”，不一定指步行走路，往往與帶介詞to的地點狀語或帶by的方式狀語連用。其主語可以是表示人、動物或非生物的名詞或代詞。例如：

People in the cities often go and help them.

城里的人經(jīng)常去幫助他們。

He will go to Beijing by plane. 他將乘飛機去北京。

My watch wont ｇｏ. 我的表不走了。

(2)walk指步行或無目的地散步，其主語通常是表示人的名詞或代詞。例如：

We are going to walk there. 我們將走著去。

They are walking along the street. 他們沿著大街散步。

(3)表示步行“到一定地點去”時，兩者可以換用。例如：

He walked (或went) to the window. 他向窗口走去。

注意：walk不能與短語on foot連用，但可以說go…on foot。

試譯：他每天步行上學(xué)。

誤：He walks to school on foot every day.

正：He goes to school on foot every day.

正：He walks to school every day.

[鞏固精練]

用go或walk填空：

(1)I sometimes ____ to the factory, but I often ____ there by bike.

(2)Look!The bus is full of people. Shall we ____ home?

(3)My younger brother is learning to ____.

(4)How many miles can the car ____ an hour?

(5)He often ____ to the farm on foot.

(6)Lets ____ to the zoo.

Key:(1)walk, go (2)walk (3)walk (4)go (5)goes (6)go/walk

Unit 11

1. like/love

[一語擊破]

A. like意為“喜歡”，“愛好”，是一般用詞，語氣較弱，主要指對某人、某事產(chǎn)生好感或發(fā)生興趣。例如：

Do they like games? 他們喜歡游戲嗎?

B. love意為“愛”，“愛好”，在感情上比like強烈，經(jīng)常用于愛祖國、愛父母這一類程度比較深的情況。在口語中它往往僅指一般的喜愛，這樣用時和like的意思相近，可以互換，后面可以跟名詞、動名詞或動詞不定式。例如：

We love our Party. 我們熱愛我們的黨。

I love skating. 我喜歡滑冰。(可用like替換)

[鞏固精練]

用like或love填空：

(1)I ____ him but I dont ____ him.

(2)The mother ____ her baby quite a lot.

(3)He ____ taking the children out for long walks.

(4)I ____ to watch TV plays.

(5)They ____ labour(勞動) and help one another.

Key:(1)like, love (2)loves (3)likes/loves (4)like/love (5)love

2. think of/think about/think over

[一語擊破]

A. think about和think of 這兩個短語表示“考慮”、“對……有某種看法”時，可以互換。例如：

They are thinking about/of buying a new computer.

他們正在考慮買一臺電腦。

What do you think of/about the TV play?你認為那部電視劇怎樣？

注意：當(dāng)think of 表示以下意義的時候，一般不可和think about 互換：

(1)想要；打算。例如：

Mary, are you thinking of marrying Jack?

瑪麗，你打算和杰克結(jié)婚嗎？

(2)想出；想到。例如：

It was Tom who thought of the idea. 是湯姆想出的那主意。

I cant think of his name at the moment. 我此刻想不起他的名字。

(3)關(guān)心；想著。例如：

Lei Feng was always thinking of others but never thinking of himself. 雷鋒總是為別人著想，從來不為自己著想。

B. think about表示“回想過去的事件”、“考慮某計劃是否切實可行”時，一般不和think of 換用。例如：

I often thought about what my teacher said last time I saw her.

我常常想到上次見到我的老師時她所說的話。

C. think over 意為“仔細考慮”。例如：

Id like to think it over. 我要仔細考慮一下。

Think over, and youll find a way. 仔細考慮一下，你就會有辦法。

[鞏固精練]

用think of, think about或think over的適當(dāng)形式填空：

(1)Well ____ your suggestion(建議) and give you our answeｒ tomorrow.

(2)Id like to ____ the matter ____.

(3)Dont ____ it any more.

(4)I cant ____ her address.

(5)He ____ it ____ and remembered that he had put his bag some- where in the library.

(6)Mrs Green is a good comrade. She is always ____ others.

Key:(1)think over (2)think, over (3)think of/about (4)think of (5)thought， over (6)thinking of

3．a(chǎn)gree on/agree to/agree with

[一語擊破]

A. agree with 的意思是“同意”，“贊成”。后面常接表示人或意見（看法）的名詞或代詞作賓語。例如：

Does she agree with us? 她同意我們的意見嗎？

None of us agree with what you said.

我們沒有一個人同意你講的話。

B. agree with 還有“與……一致”，“（氣候、食物等）適合”的意思。例如：

His words do not agree with his actions. 他言行不一致。

Too much meat doesnt agree with her.

她的身體不適合吃太多肉食。

C. agree to 意為“同意”，“贊成”，后面跟表示“提議”，“辦法”，“計劃”，“安排”等的名詞或代詞。例如：

Please agree to this arrangement. 請同意這個安排。

This plan has now been agreed to. 這個計劃已經(jīng)被認可了。

D. agree on 表示“對……取得一致意見”，指兩方或多方就某個問題取得了一致的意見或是達成了某種協(xié)議。例如：

After discussion the two sides agreed on a cease-fire.

經(jīng)過討論，雙方就停火問題達成了協(xié)議。

They all agree on the matter. 他們在這個問題上意見一致。

[鞏固精練]

用agree with, agree to 或agree on填空：

(1)I ____ what you said about him.

(2)The climate doesnt ____ me.

(3)The two sides have ____ the date of talks.

(4)I ____ Mr Wang, but I cant ____ the plan.

(5)We ____ leaving for Shanghai next morning.

(6)They could not ____ each other.

Key:(1)agree with (2)agree with (3)agreed on (4)agree with, agree to (5)agree on (6)agree with

Unit 12

1. else/other

[一語擊破]

else 和other 都可以作“別的”“其他的”講，但用法不同。

A．else 可作形容詞或副詞，作形容詞時，主要用在who, whose, what, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, nothing等詞的后面作定語；作副詞時，用在where, when 等詞的后面作狀語。例如：

——What else do you want? 你還要什么？

——Nothing else. 別的什么都不要。

Where else are you going to stay? 你們還要在什么地方停留？

另外else可帶s。例如：

I took someone elses coat by mistake. 我錯拿了別人的外衣。

B．other是形容詞，用于修飾名詞，須放在名詞前。例如：

Where are the other boys? 其他的男孩在哪里？

另外other還可修飾代詞one或ones。例如：

This story is more interesting than the other one.

這個故事比那個更有趣。

[鞏固精練]

用else 或other填空：

(1)What ____ can you see in the picture?

(2)——Where are the ____ boys? ——They are in the TV room.

(3)Give me the ____ pencil, not this one.

(4)Do you have any ____ books on the subject？

(5)I dont like this model plane, but I like the ____ one.

(6)He has nothing ____ to do today.

(7)Whom ____ did you see?

(8)When ____ would you do it?

Key:(1)else (2)other (3)other (4)other (5)other (6)else (7)else (8)else

2. must/have to

[一語擊破]

A.兩者都可以表示“必須”。must 著重表示主觀上認為有義務(wù)有必要。have to 著重于表示客觀上的需要，含有“不得不”的意味。例如：

We must work hard. 我們必須賣力工作。（是我們要這樣做）

We have to work hard. 我們得賣力干活。

（環(huán)境使我們不得不這樣做）

B.must 只有一種形式，并且無人稱、時態(tài)和數(shù)的變化。而have to要隨主語人稱、時態(tài)和數(shù)的變化而變化。例如：

Ill have to go with her tomorrow. 明天我得同她一道去。

When I was your age, I already had to work.

我像你這么大時，早已不得不工作了。

He has to stay at home because he is ill.

因為病了他不得不呆在家中。

C.must和have to 的否定式表示的意義不同：must not 表示“不應(yīng)該、不許可、禁止、千萬別”等意思；not have to 表示“不必”，與neednt 同義。例如：

You must not smoke in the classroom. 不準(zhǔn)在教室里抽煙。

You dont have to worry about his studies.

你不必為他的學(xué)習(xí)而擔(dān)心。

You mustnt tell him about it. 你一定不要把這件事告訴他。

You dont have to tell him about it. 你不必把這件事告訴他。

[鞏固精練]

用must 或have to的適當(dāng)形式填空：

(1)I ____ write her a letter next week.

(2)We ____ always follow the Party.

(3)He ____ wait for another two hours because the train was late.

(4)Soldiers(士兵) ____ obey orders(遵守命令).

(5)——____ we leave after school? ——No, you neednt.

(6)Well ____ get up early tomorrow morning.

Key:(1)must/have to (2)must (3)had to (4)must (5)Must (6)have to