“非禮”一詞,《現(xiàn)代漢語詞典》(以下簡(jiǎn)稱《現(xiàn)漢》)第5版加收了義項(xiàng):“〈方〉動(dòng)指調(diào)戲;猥褻(婦女)。”該義在一定程度上與“性騷擾”的詞義有重合之處。對(duì)于這個(gè)意義上的“非禮”,《新華新詞語詞典》附的英語是“assault”。《新時(shí)代漢英詞典》提供的英語對(duì)應(yīng)詞為“assault (a woman) sexually;violate;rape”。《新世紀(jì)漢英大詞典》中的對(duì)應(yīng)詞為“harass sexually;take liberties with (a woman); assault;violate”。本文試對(duì)這些譯法作些分析。
英語詞典中對(duì)violate的釋義基本差不多,并且大多數(shù)詞典都標(biāo)明該詞為正式用法。例如,《COBUILD英漢雙解詞典》的釋文為“If a man violates a woman,he rapes her;a formal usage[正式]強(qiáng)奸”,其后附的例證有:“She said I had attempted to violate her several times.”據(jù)此,以violate作為“非禮”的對(duì)應(yīng)詞是錯(cuò)誤的,并且兩者的語體風(fēng)格也不同,“非禮”為方言詞,而violate屬于正式用法。
依據(jù)《現(xiàn)漢》給出的釋義,使用rape作為“非禮”的對(duì)應(yīng)詞是不恰當(dāng)?shù)摹!禖OBUILD英漢雙解詞典》對(duì)rape的釋義為“When a man rapes a woman,he violently forces her to have sex with him when she does not want to.強(qiáng)奸”。可見,rape的所指與“非禮”的所指差別較大。
The Oxford American College Dictionary 對(duì)assault的義項(xiàng)之一釋為“rape”,即其與rape同義。上文已經(jīng)說明以rape作為“非禮”的對(duì)應(yīng)詞是錯(cuò)誤的,因此,以assault作為對(duì)應(yīng)詞也是錯(cuò)誤的。
在Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary中,take liberties (with sb)的釋義和用例為:“to be too friendly with someone, usually in a sexual way: Some of the younger women complained that hed been taking liberties with them.”從中可以看出,該短語僅強(qiáng)調(diào)“過分親昵,過于隨便,放肆”,與“非禮”的內(nèi)涵有差別。同時(shí),該詞典用OLD-FASHIONED標(biāo)明它屬于比較舊的用法。所以,使用這一短語作為“非禮”的對(duì)應(yīng)詞也不合適。
我們認(rèn)為,用molest和harass sexually作為“非禮”的英語對(duì)應(yīng)表達(dá)比較恰當(dāng)。《英漢大詞典》molest條的義項(xiàng)之一譯為“調(diào)戲;猥褻,對(duì)……作性騷擾”,所舉例證是“The woman complained she had been molested in the park”,可從一個(gè)側(cè)面證明該詞能與“非禮”相對(duì)應(yīng)。不過,該詞語在用法上有一定限制,Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English對(duì)此詞的解釋是“to attack or harm someone,especially a child by touching them in a sexual way”,也就是說,molest的對(duì)象多為兒童。
從不同詞典所提供的例句來看,單純使用harass表示“非禮”這一意思的例句很少,一般它都與sexually連用。如“She claimed she was sexually harassed by Thomas”。因此,在用harass一詞表示非禮時(shí),最好加上副詞sexually,這樣意思表達(dá)得更為清楚。
除了molest與harass(sexually),還可以用annoy來翻譯“非禮”。Collins new English Dictionary對(duì)annoy的釋義為“to harass sexually”,《COBUILD英漢雙解詞典》annoy條也給出了義項(xiàng)“If a man annoys a woman,he causes her trouble and distress by making sexual suggestions to her or about her,or by trying to touch her”,附的例句為:“Is this man annoying you?”
綜上所述,“非禮”新義的譯文應(yīng)當(dāng)是molest、harass sexually和annoy。同時(shí),在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中“非禮”也可作名詞用,這時(shí)可以選用sexual harassment和molestation作為其英語對(duì)應(yīng)詞。
(王 健 蘭州交通大學(xué)國(guó)際交流處 甘肅 730070)
(王安民 蘭州交通大學(xué)雙語詞典研究所 甘肅 730070)
(責(zé)任編輯 宋 嵐)