如何寫好３０詞的ｓｕｍｍａｒｙ？

一、考綱要求

1． 概括的準確性；

2． 字數大約30詞；

3． 不要抄襲閱讀材料中的句子。

二、難點分析

1． 如何迅速、準確地捕捉要點；

2． 如何巧妙串連，將要點串成篇章；

3． 如何靈活詮釋，避免抄襲的嫌疑。

三、解題思路

1． 巧妙利用opinion，預測材料內容

讀寫任務先讀后寫。那么“讀”的材料肯定是與要“寫”的材料話題是相同的，至少是相關的。因此，我們可以利用這一關系來進行有效的預測。以下是兩個例子。

實例一（閱讀材料－議論文）

We find that bright children are rarely held back by mixed-ability teaching. On the contrary， both their knowledge and experience are enriched. We feel that there are many disadvantages in streaming pupils. It does not take into account the fact that children develop at different rates. It can have a bad effect on both the bright and the not-so-bright child. After all， it can be quite discouraging to be at the bottom of the top grade!

Besides， it is rather unreal to grade people just according to their intellectual ability. This is only one aspect of their total personality. We are concerned to develop the abilities of all our pupils to the full， not just their academic ability. We also value personal qualities and social skills， and we find that mixed-ability teaching contributes to all these aspects of learning.

In our classrooms， we work in various ways. Sometimes the pupils work in pairs; sometimes they work on individual tasks. We encourage our pupils to use the library， and we teach them the skills they need in order to do this efficiently. And advanced pupils can do advanced work: it does not matter what age the child is. We expect our pupils to do their best， not their least， and we give them every encouragement to achieve this goal.

[寫作內容]

1. 用約30詞概括短文的內容要點；

2. 用約120詞就“學校該不該分班”這個主題發表你的看法。

本例中的主題是“學校該不該分班”，那么，我們可以根據這個話題進行如下預測：

(1）閱讀材料的論點是什么：該？不該？

(2）論據是什么：該的理由？不該的理由？

(3）如何論證：有無實例？如有，又是什么實例？

這樣，心中有了疑問，就好比大海航行有了指南針一樣，只要循著這一方向去找，一定能在最短的時間里到達大洋的彼岸——迅速捕捉要點。

此外，當對話題的具體內容感到迷惘時，我們還可以充分利用寫作內容2）里的a) b) c)來幫助我們進一步定向。如:

實例二（閱讀材料－記敘文）

Once upon a time， there was a king who ruled a rich country. One day， he went for a trip to some distant areas of his country. When he was back to his palace， he complained that his feet were very painful， because it was the first time that he had gone for such a long trip， and the road that he went through was very rough and stony. He then ordered his people to cover road of the entire country with leather. Of course， this would need hundreds of thousands of cows’skin， and would cost a huge amount of money. Then taking risks of being killed， one of his wise servants dared himself to tell the king， “Why don’t you cover your feet with a piece of leather?” Luckily the king was an open-minded and easily-persuaded man. So though he was surprised， he later agrees to take the suggestion to make a “shoe” for himself. There is actually a valuable lesson in this story: to make this world a happy place to live in， you’d better change yourself—your heart not the world.

本例中的主題是“改變世界還是改變自己”。那么我們可以分析這一主題：人什么時候需要做出這種選擇——改變世界還是改變自己？當然是遇到困難或矛盾時。那么，主人公遇上了什么困難？最終是通過改變世界還是改變自己來解決難題的呢？

至此，還不知道如何預測的同學，不妨再進一步地利用后面的具體內容要點a) b)來預測如下：

1. 原文中主人公遇到（經歷）了怎樣的困難？

2. 他/她是如何應對的？是改變世界還是改變自己？

與單純地通過主題/話題來進行預測而言，這一種預測方法（利用寫作內容2里的各小點）更適合記敘文體的閱讀材料。

2. 分析文章結構，準確捕捉要點

有了“指南針”之后，捕捉短文要點就容易多了。那么，如何才能快速、準確地捕捉到文章的要點呢？

首先，從文體入手。一般來說，讀寫任務里的閱讀材料按文體可以分成兩種：議論文和記敘文。議論文有三要素，即論點、論據、論證，文章的整體結構多數為總分結構、分總結構、平行結構等。因此，我們通常可以在第一段或最后一段找論點。

如實例一，論點就在第一段開頭找到：Mixed-ability teaching can do good to bright children. On the contrary， streaming students have many disadvantages.

再看實例二，這是一篇記敘文，我們要找出它的四要素：when， where， who， what等。帶著這幾個問題去找，自然很快就找出來了。

其次，從過渡語入手。如實例一中，Besides就是一個很好的guide， 因為它通常表示并列或遞進的關系，它后面的it is rather unreal to grade people just according to their intellectual ability 很明顯是講streaming pupils的缺點，那么在它前面必然還有至少一個缺點。再從第一段的disadvantage看起，就可以迅速找出它的另一個缺點，即have a bad effect on both the bright and the not-so-bright child as they develop differently，這就是論據了。第三段一開頭，就用了In our classroom， 有具體的地點，那么，一看就知道是在舉例了，且舉的是Mixed-ability teaching所帶來的好處的例子。

3. 理清邏輯關系，選擇合適連詞

在捕捉到文章的要點之后，接下來就是要理清他們之間的邏輯關系，再找到適當的連接詞，自然銜接，使之成為一個連貫的語段。如實例一可以用圖表示如下：

4. 靈活變化表達，適度進行paraphrase

理清要點之間的邏輯關系之后，不能簡單地照搬原句，還必須進行適度的paraphrase，即用自己的話進行改寫，才符合“不要抄襲閱讀材料中的句子”的要求。那么，如何才能達到“雁過不留痕”的效果呢？

(1)同義替換。即用同義或近義的詞語或句型改寫，如實例一中的 “intellectual ability”和“academic ability”就可以用grades(成績)來替換；“grade pupils according to”則可用judge/group pupils by替換；“It does not take into account the fact”可以變為It fails to consider that...

(2)語態互換。即主語語態與被動語態的轉換，如實例二中he later agrees to take the suggestion to...就可以用它的被動語態來表示：he was later persuaded to...

(3)非謂語動詞短語與從句的互換。如實例二中there was a king who ruled a rich country就可以用there was a king ruling a rich country來表達。

(4)合并句子。就是將幾個意義聯系緊密的句子合并為一句話。如實例一中的兩個論據①We feel that there are many disadvantages in streaming pupils. It does not take into account the fact that children develop at different rates. ②Besides， it is rather unreal to grade people just according to their intellectual ability.就可改為Streaming pupils not only neglects the different rates of students’ development， but also is unfair for them judging only by their grades.

5. 削“枝”去“葉”，實行精“兵”裁“員”

由于字數有限制，所以在寫summary時還應采取一些必要的手段來進行精“兵”裁“員”，減少字數。慣常采用的方法有：

(1)主謂縮寫。如they will→they’ll; we are→we’re; should not→shouldn’t; can not→can’t等。

(2)句式省略。如when he crossed the road=when crossing the road. if they’re corrected too much=if corrected too much.

(3)使用代詞或含有替代含義的詞。如實例二中，有學生會這樣寫：Once a king wanted to cover the road with leather to protect his feet. A servant advised the king not to cover the road and just make a pair of shoes for himself. Finally the king agreed and made shoes for himself. 這時，我們可以利用代詞將其改寫如下：Once a king wanted to cover the road with leather to protect his feet， but he was persuaded not to do so. Instead， he made a pair of shoes to achieve the same goal.

四、避免誤區

1. 要點不齊，“骨” “肉”分離

如實例一中 “學校不該分班”是“骨”，“為什么不該分班”則是“肉”。如果只寫了Streaming pupils shouldn’t be adopted in schools.則為有“骨”無“肉”；如果寫成Streaming pupils not only neglects the different rates of students’ development， but also is unfair for them judging. only by their grades.則成了有“肉”無“骨”。這兩種寫法都屬于“骨”“肉”分離的典例。

2. 抄襲原文，窮于變化

在進行summarize的時候，要符合“不要抄襲閱讀材料中的句子”的要求。因此，我們一定要在扎實地進行一句多譯的題型訓練之上，學會利用上面所介紹的方法或是其它方法來對材料中的觀點進行適當的詮釋，靈活的變化。

3. 不夠客觀，喧賓奪主

在寫summary時，要依照作者的觀點，客觀地轉述其要點，不要強加自己的觀點。避免這種嫌疑的最佳方法就是在文首加上這樣的字眼：According to the passage/the author...

五、備考策略

1． 過好三關

(1)閱讀關

首先，要加大閱讀量，減少在考試中遇到不熟悉話題的幾率。其次，考生還需掌握一定的閱讀技巧，對于不同文體的閱讀方式要做到心中有數。

(2)表達關

在平時的學習中，一定要鞏固單詞和固定短語的記憶，靈活運用五種基本句型，以及復合句、非謂語動詞、省略句的使用等等。多進行一句多譯的訓練，養成用英語寫日記的習慣，或一周寫幾篇作文的習慣，或用英語和同學對一些身邊發生的焦點問題進行討論的習慣等。

(3)書寫關

要特別關注自己的書寫及卷容。在同等優秀的作文面前，書寫工整漂亮，卷面整潔干凈的肯定是占絕對優勢的。

2. 積累模板

要注意歸納和積累summary中常用的句式或模板。如議論文的概要通常可以如此開頭：

The essay/passage/author highlights the importance of encouragement for students.

The essay/passage/author argues in support of ...， stating that ...

The essay/passage/author argues that we must not only value those who come first or are the best in any field but the others whose effort push them to success.

The essay/passage/author discusses the impact of email.

The essay/passage/author compares friendship with the comfort of home.

The essay/passage/author outlines the harmful effects of smoking.

而記敘文的概要則可以從以下模板中選擇：

The passage/story is about a misunderstanding between a student and a teacher.

The author tells us a story about a ________.

The passage is a story about ________.

According to the passage， the hero in the story ________.

總之，我們相信Where there is a will， there is a way. 和Practice makes perfect.不管這種新題型有多難，只要掌握了正確的方法，再以堅韌的毅力勤加操練，那么，我們就一定會寫出精美的摘要和優秀的作文來。

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