面向國際中文教育的話語標記習得難度評定研究

摘 要： 評定話語標記習得難度等級，是回答“國際中文教育課堂教學中應該教哪些話語標記”這一問題的途徑之一。漢語話語標記習得難度受其標記化程度、語篇模式的復雜度和轄域分布情況等因素影響。標記化程度越高，語篇模式越復雜，轄域所在話輪的數量越多，話語標記的習得難度越大；標記化程度越低，語篇模式越簡單，轄域所在話輪的數量越少，話語標記的習得難度越小。根據《國際中文教育中文水平等級標準（國家標準·應用解讀本）第二分冊：詞匯》的標注，話語標記可分為“兼職類”和“專職類”兩種；習得難度高的專職類話語標記是課堂教學的重點和難點。評定話語標記習得難度有助于教師確定教學順序、重點與難點，更好地培養學生的交際能力，也可為編寫話語標記學習工具書或開發相關App提供支持。

關鍵詞： 國際中文教育；話語標記；習得難度；影響因素；《國際中文教育中文水平等級標準（國家標準·應用解讀本）第二分冊：詞匯》

中圖分類號： H195

文獻標志碼： A

文章編號： 1673-3851 （2025） 02-0039-07

Study on the evaluation of discourse markers′ acquisition difficulty

for international Chinese language education

SHI" Renjuan

（Shi Liangcai School of Journalism and Communication， Zhejiang Sci-Tech University，

Hangzhou 310018， China）

Abstract： "Evaluating the acquisition difficulty level of discourse markers is one of the ways to answer the question \"which discourse markers should be taught in international Chinese education classroom teaching\". The difficulty of acquiring Chinese discourse markers is affected by the degree of tokenization， the complexity of discourse patterns， and the scopes′ distribution. The higher the degree of tokenization， the more complex the discourse pattern， and the more the number of discourse wheels in the scope， the more difficult the acquisition of discourse markers; the lower the degree of tokenization， the simpler the discourse pattern， and the smaller the number of discourse wheels in the scope， the less difficult the acquisition of discourse markers. According to Chinese Proficiency Grading Standards for International Chinese Language Education （National Standard： Application and Interpretation） Volume 2： Vocabulary， discourse marks can be divided into \"part-time\" and \"full-time\" ones. The acquisition of full-time discourse markers with high difficulty is the focus and difficulty of classroom teaching. Evaluating the difficulty of discourse marker acquisition can help teachers determine the teaching order， focus and difficulty， better cultivate students′ communicative competence， and can also provide support for writing reference books on discourse marker learning or developing related apps.

Key words： international Chinese language education; discourse markers; acquisition difficulty; influencing factors; Chinese Proficiency Grading Standards for International Chinese Language Education （National Standard： Application and Interpretation） Volume 2： Vocabulary

話語標記（discoures marker，DM）是一種特殊的語言現象，屬于元話語范疇；它具有特定的程序功能，是交際過程中說話人用來引導聽話人理解話語的有效手段。研究表明，在外語或第二語言習得過程中，話語標記習得對于提高學習者的口語表達、聽力理解和寫作能力均有重要作用［1-3］。在國際中文教育中，話語標記是口語教學語法大綱的重要組成部分［4］；對話語標記的理解與使用是衡量中高級學習者是否掌握地道漢語和形成語篇能力的一項重要指標［5］。……