




[摘 要]目的 評(píng)估重復(fù)實(shí)施微創(chuàng)肺表面活性物質(zhì)治療(MIST)對(duì)極早產(chǎn)兒近期臨床結(jié)局的影響。方法 選擇2016年1月至2022年11月于揚(yáng)州大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬鹽城婦幼保健院分娩、實(shí)施二劑肺表面活性物質(zhì)(PS)治療且首劑給藥方式為MIST的183例極早產(chǎn)兒為研究對(duì)象。根據(jù)第二劑PS給藥方式不同,分為重復(fù)MIST組(rMIST組,n=112)和氣管插管組(ETT組,n=71)。分析比較兩組極早產(chǎn)兒及其母親的臨床資料及相關(guān)預(yù)后指標(biāo),并采用多因素Logistic回歸分析rMIST與支氣管肺發(fā)育不良(BPD)發(fā)生的相關(guān)性。結(jié)果 rMIST組患兒第二劑PS前最高吸入氧濃度(FiO2)低于ETT組,首劑與第二劑PS應(yīng)用間隔時(shí)間長(zhǎng)于ETT組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t值分別為3.779、4.115,Plt;0.05);rMIST組機(jī)械通氣比率、通氣時(shí)間和BPD發(fā)生率低于ETT組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t/χ2值分別為4.825、1.599、4.546,Plt;0.05);多因素Logistic回歸分析顯示rMIST為BPD發(fā)生的保護(hù)因素,使用機(jī)械通氣和通氣時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)為BPD發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素,其aOR值及95%CI分別為0.863(0.162~0.913)、2.002(1.114~4.116)、2.058(1.011~5.026)。結(jié)論 對(duì)極早產(chǎn)兒重復(fù)實(shí)施MIST,可降低其機(jī)械通氣的比率,可能會(huì)降低其BPD的發(fā)生率。
[關(guān)鍵詞]微創(chuàng)肺表面活性物質(zhì)治療;支氣管肺發(fā)育不良;早產(chǎn)兒;臨床結(jié)局
Doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-5293.2024.09.009
[中圖分類號(hào)]R174.1""" [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼]A
[文章編號(hào)]1673-5293(2024)09-0057-07
Short-term clinical outcome of repeated minimally invasive surfactant therapy in very premature infants
[Abstract] Objective To evaluate short-term clinical outcome of repeated minimally invasive surfactant therapy (rMIST) in very (extremely) premature infants. Methods 183 extremely premature infants who gave birth,received two doses of pulmonary surfactant (PS) treatment and received the first dose of PS by MIST in The Affiliated Yancheng Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Yangzhou University from January 2016 to November 2022 were selected as study subjects.According to administration method of the second dose of PS,they were divided into repeated MIST group (rMIST group) and endotracheal intubation group (ETT group).The clinical data and prognostic indexes of very premature infants and their mothers in the two groups were analyzed and compared.Independent sample t-test or continuity-adjusted Chi-square test were used for statistical analysis,and multifactorial Logistic regression was used to analyze correlation between rMIST and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Results The maximum fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) before PS in the rMIST group was significantly lower than that in the ETT group,and the interval between the first and the second doses of PS was significantly longer than that in the ETT group (t=3.779 and 4.115 respectively,both Plt;0.05).The mechanical ventilation rate,ventilation time and the incidence of BPD in the rMIST group were significantly lower than those in the ETT group,and the differences were significant (t/χ2=4.825,1.599 and 4.546 respectively,all Plt;0.05).Multifactorial Logistic regression analysis showed that repeated MIST (aOR=0.863,95%CI:0.162-0.913) was protective factor of BPD,while utility of mechanical ventilation (aOR=2.002,95%CI:1.114-4.116) and mechanical ventilation time (aOR=2.058,95%CI:1.011-5.026) were risk factors for BPD. Conclusion Repeated implementation of MIST on extremely premature infants can reduce rate of mechanical ventilation and may reduce the incidence of BPD.
[Key words] repeated minimally invasive surfactant therapy;pulmonary surfactant;bronchopulmonary dysplasia;premature infant;clinical outcome
無(wú)創(chuàng)呼吸支持如經(jīng)鼻持續(xù)氣道正壓通氣(nasal continuous positive airway pressure ventilation,nCPAP),已成為早產(chǎn)兒呼吸功能不全的常規(guī)治療方法[1]。然而,由于早產(chǎn)兒肺表面活性物質(zhì)(pulmonary surfactant,PS)缺乏,經(jīng)常因并發(fā)嚴(yán)重呼吸窘迫綜合征(respiratory distress syndrome,RDS)而導(dǎo)致nCPAP治療失敗[2]。近年來(lái),微創(chuàng)肺表面活性物質(zhì)治療(minimally invasive surfactant therapy,MIST)等新給藥方式的出現(xiàn),結(jié)合無(wú)創(chuàng)呼吸支持,降低了有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣的使用率[3-4]。有Meta分析表明,MIST降低了早產(chǎn)兒生后72h內(nèi)有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣的需求,降低了支氣管肺發(fā)育不良(bronchopulmonary dysplasia,BPD)的發(fā)生率,并降低了嚴(yán)重顱內(nèi)出血(intracranial hemorrhage,ICH)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[5-6]。盡管在目前的臨床實(shí)踐和指南中,MIST已被推薦為PS給藥的首選方法,但因與該技術(shù)相關(guān)的幾個(gè)臨床難題仍未解決,限制了其在臨床的實(shí)施和接受程度[7-10]。比較突出的問(wèn)題就是當(dāng)早產(chǎn)兒接受一劑MIST治療后,因RDS持續(xù)存在需要使用第二劑PS,是否仍推薦MIST方式?歐洲RDS管理指南建議對(duì)第二劑或第三劑PS仍重復(fù)MIST程序[11]。但目前關(guān)于重復(fù)MIST治療(repeated MIST,rMIST)臨床效果的研究較少,諸如對(duì)重復(fù)實(shí)施MIST避免有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣的概率,以及決定其成功或失敗的因素仍未明確[12]。特別是對(duì)于rMIST與采用傳統(tǒng)氣管插管方式(endotracheal intubation,ETT)給予第二劑PS的早產(chǎn)兒之間的近期臨床結(jié)局是否相同尚不清楚。因此,本研究旨在比較使用MIST給予首劑PS后因RDS持續(xù)存在,重復(fù)實(shí)施MIST與氣管插管給予第二劑PS的兩組早產(chǎn)兒之間機(jī)械通氣比率、BPD發(fā)生率等近期臨床結(jié)局。
1資料和方法
1.1研究對(duì)象
選擇2016年1月至2022年11月?lián)P州大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬鹽城婦幼保健院分娩的極早產(chǎn)兒為研究對(duì)象。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①胎齡28~31+6周;②收住新生兒重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房(neonatal intensive care unit,NICU);③適于胎齡兒;④使用兩劑PS,首劑PS采用MIST方式給予;⑤住院時(shí)長(zhǎng)≥28d。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①先天性心臟病、膈疝等嚴(yán)重先天性畸形;②病史資料不全。本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)(KY2022003),所有研究對(duì)象的監(jiān)護(hù)人均知情同意自愿參與研究。
1.2資料收集
回顧性收集患兒性別,胎齡,出生體重,是否為多胎,胎兒宮內(nèi)窘迫,Apgar評(píng)分,首劑及第二劑PS給予的方式、劑量、給予前最高吸入氧濃度(fraction of inspired oxygen,F(xiàn)iO2)、兩劑之間的時(shí)間間隔,以及近期的臨床結(jié)局,包括機(jī)械通氣、是否發(fā)生RDS、Ⅱ級(jí)及以上RDS、ICH、動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管未閉(patent ductus arteriosus,PDA)、早產(chǎn)兒視網(wǎng)膜病變(retinopathy of prematurity,ROP)、壞死性小腸結(jié)腸炎(necrotizing enterocolitis,NEC)和BPD,出院結(jié)局和住院時(shí)長(zhǎng)。疾病診斷參照第5版《實(shí)用新生兒學(xué)》[13]。
同時(shí)記錄收集患兒母親年齡,剖宮產(chǎn)、組織學(xué)絨毛膜羊膜炎(histological chorioamnionitis,HCA)、妊娠期糖尿病及高血壓發(fā)生情況,產(chǎn)前糖皮質(zhì)激素(antenatal corticosteroid,ACS)及硫酸鎂使用,產(chǎn)前出血(antepartum haemorrhage,APH)情況。
1.3首劑PS給予方式
不需插管但需呼吸支持的極早產(chǎn)兒娩出后采用nCPAP方式,起始呼氣末正壓(positive end-expiratory pressure,PEEP)6~8cmH2O,如FiO2gt;0.4,則采用MIST方式給予首劑PS(固爾蘇,100~200mg/kg)替代治療[14]。MIST:患兒始終保持在nCPAP輔助通氣下,在溫箱內(nèi)取仰臥位,以直接喉鏡暴露聲門,將一次性使用呼吸道用吸引導(dǎo)管(無(wú)錫九龍)插入聲門至預(yù)期深度[出生體重(kg)+6cm],移除喉鏡,保持患兒口閉合;將已抽取好PS的注射器連接吸引導(dǎo)管,2min內(nèi)緩慢推注,間斷回抽胃管以核實(shí)藥物有無(wú)注入胃內(nèi);注射完畢后拔除導(dǎo)管,繼續(xù)nCPAP無(wú)創(chuàng)輔助通氣[15]。
1.4分組方法
第一次MIST后仍持續(xù)存在呼吸窘迫,即nCPAP支持下,PEEP 6~8cmH2O時(shí),F(xiàn)iO2gt;0.4,經(jīng)皮血氧飽和度(transcutaneous oxygen saturation,TcSO2)lt;0.90,則給予第二劑PS(固爾蘇,100~200mg/kg)。rMIST組:仍采用MIST方式給予第二劑PS。ETT組:暫停nCPAP,使用喉鏡經(jīng)口氣管插管給予第二劑PS,以氣囊加壓及拍背促進(jìn)PS彌散。
1.5統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
應(yīng)用SPSS 20.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x-±s)表示,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);非正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以中位數(shù)及四分位間距M(Q1~Q3)表示,組間比較采用秩和檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料采用例(%)表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。rMIST與BPD發(fā)生相關(guān)性的多因素分析采用Logistic回歸分析。Plt;0.05差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1兩組一般情況比較
本次研究期間共分娩新生兒37 726例,其中胎齡28~31+6周早產(chǎn)兒1483例,使用兩劑PS 201例,其中大于胎齡兒9例,小于胎齡兒7例,嚴(yán)重先天性畸形2例。本研究共納入極早產(chǎn)兒183例,其中rMIST組112例,ETT組71例。
兩組患兒性別、胎齡、出生體重、多胎、宮內(nèi)窘迫及Apgar評(píng)分比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Pgt;0.05),見(jiàn)表1。兩組患兒母親年齡、剖宮產(chǎn)率、HCA、妊娠期糖尿病及高血壓發(fā)生情況、ACS及硫酸鎂使用、APH等方面比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Pgt;0.05),見(jiàn)表2。
2.2兩組患兒入NICU治療情況與近期臨床結(jié)局比較
rMIST組患兒第二劑PS前最高FiO2低于ETT組,首劑與第二劑PS應(yīng)用間隔時(shí)間長(zhǎng)于ETT組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t值分別為3.779、4.115,Plt;0.05);兩組患兒在首劑PS前最高FiO2、首劑和第二劑PS劑量及出生至首劑PS應(yīng)用間隔時(shí)間方面比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Pgt;0.05),見(jiàn)表3。
rMIST組機(jī)械通氣比率、通氣時(shí)間和BPD發(fā)生率低于ETT組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t/χ2值分別為4.825、1.599、4.546,Plt;0.05);兩組患兒在RDS、Ⅱ級(jí)及以上RDS、ICH、PDA、ROP、NEC、死亡率及住院時(shí)間方面比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Pgt;0.05),見(jiàn)表4。
2.3多因素Logistic回歸分析rMIST與BPD發(fā)生的相關(guān)性
對(duì)BPD組與非BPD組進(jìn)行單因素方差分析,結(jié)果顯示差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的因素有rMIST、氣管插管(第二劑PS)、第二劑PS前最高FiO2、首劑與第二劑PS應(yīng)用間隔時(shí)間、機(jī)械通氣及通氣時(shí)間。以上述因素為自變量,以BPD發(fā)生為因變量,在校正胎齡、出生體重、性別、產(chǎn)前糖皮質(zhì)激素應(yīng)用、妊娠期糖尿病等混雜因素后,進(jìn)行多因素Logistic回歸分析,結(jié)果顯示rMIST為BPD發(fā)生的保護(hù)因素,使用機(jī)械通氣和通氣時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)為BPD發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素,其aOR值及95%CI分別為0.863(0.162~0.913)、2.002(1.114~4.116)、2.058(1.011~5.026),Plt;0.05,見(jiàn)表5。
3討論
3.1 MIST聯(lián)合nCPAP治療可有效避免肺泡萎陷,適用于使用無(wú)創(chuàng)通氣胎齡lt;32周的極早產(chǎn)兒
MIST是在直接喉鏡下將細(xì)導(dǎo)管送入氣道,通過(guò)細(xì)導(dǎo)管緩慢注入PS,是一種可避免氣管插管和機(jī)械通氣、保持早產(chǎn)兒自主呼吸給予PS的新方法,目前在早產(chǎn)兒中已廣泛應(yīng)用[16]。MIST無(wú)需氣管插管,自主呼吸不受影響,聯(lián)合nCPAP治療時(shí)PEEP未中斷,給藥方式更符合生理,可有效避免肺泡萎陷[17]。但Herting等[2]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)MIST技術(shù)并未給胎齡gt;32周早產(chǎn)兒帶來(lái)更多益處,不建議常規(guī)應(yīng)用。故本研究為回顧性分析胎齡lt;32周極早產(chǎn)兒實(shí)施MIST的相關(guān)臨床數(shù)據(jù),雖重復(fù)MIST組早產(chǎn)兒胎齡、出生體重與傳統(tǒng)氣管插管組比較無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,但有趨于對(duì)小胎齡、低體重的早產(chǎn)兒實(shí)施MIST的傾向,與上述研究相符。原因系胎齡較大早產(chǎn)兒和足月兒等應(yīng)用MIST過(guò)程中易因咳嗽反應(yīng)、自主呼吸較強(qiáng)、氣道阻力較大而出現(xiàn)低氧血癥、藥物返流及嘔吐等不良反應(yīng)[18]。所以目前實(shí)施MIST的適應(yīng)癥建議為胎齡lt;32周使用無(wú)創(chuàng)通氣的極早產(chǎn)兒[19]。
3.2與氣管插管給予第二劑PS的早產(chǎn)兒相比,重復(fù)MIST仍可降低極早產(chǎn)兒機(jī)械通氣的比率和時(shí)間,從而降低極早產(chǎn)兒BPD的發(fā)生率
MIST與傳統(tǒng)氣管插管給藥方法相比,細(xì)導(dǎo)管減少了對(duì)會(huì)厭和聲帶的機(jī)械損傷,減少了喉部水腫和出血,降低了CPAP治療失敗率,減少了早產(chǎn)兒機(jī)械通氣需求,降低其BPD發(fā)生率[20]。然而,當(dāng)極早產(chǎn)兒需要第二劑PS時(shí),是氣管插管還是重復(fù)實(shí)施MIST仍困擾著臨床醫(yī)師。有許多研究與共識(shí)建議在RDS持續(xù)存在的情況下,推薦重復(fù)實(shí)施MIST,但對(duì)其療效并沒(méi)有具體分析[21-23]。而亦有研究不建議采用MIST實(shí)施第二劑PS治療[24]。本研究探討了重復(fù)實(shí)施MIST的早產(chǎn)兒是否比氣管插管給予第二劑PS的早產(chǎn)兒具有更好的臨床結(jié)局。結(jié)果表明,與氣管插管給予第二劑PS的早產(chǎn)兒相比,實(shí)施重復(fù)MIST的早產(chǎn)兒機(jī)械通氣的比率和通氣時(shí)間降低,BPD發(fā)生率也顯著降低。說(shuō)明在RDS持續(xù)存在的情況下,給予第二劑PS時(shí)選擇重復(fù)實(shí)施MIST仍可降低極早產(chǎn)兒機(jī)械通氣的概率,減少機(jī)械通氣的時(shí)間,并可降低其BPD的發(fā)生率。此結(jié)論與荷蘭學(xué)者關(guān)于重復(fù)實(shí)施MIST早產(chǎn)兒近期臨床結(jié)局的研究結(jié)果一致[25]。
有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣與早產(chǎn)兒不良的近期和遠(yuǎn)期臨床結(jié)局相關(guān)[26],出生后早期應(yīng)用nCPAP及PS替代治療是避免早產(chǎn)兒機(jī)械通氣和肺部損傷的主要做法,而傳統(tǒng)氣管插管與MIST相比,需暫停nCPAP,容易發(fā)生肺泡萎陷;使用手動(dòng)正壓通氣時(shí),因通氣壓力不穩(wěn)定,易發(fā)生PS彌散不均勻,并易發(fā)生氣壓傷。由于機(jī)械通氣引起的氣壓傷、肺不張及肺部的炎癥性改變的“生物創(chuàng)傷”之間存在明顯關(guān)聯(lián),有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣作為BPD發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素已為較多的研究及共識(shí)所證實(shí),且隨著通氣時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),BPD的發(fā)生率和嚴(yán)重程度均逐漸增加[27-29]。本研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),在給予第二劑PS時(shí),氣管插管組早產(chǎn)兒機(jī)械通氣比率及通氣時(shí)間均高于重復(fù)MIST組,提示首次MIST使用后,因呼吸窘迫持續(xù)存在或好轉(zhuǎn)后又有加重,重復(fù)MIST仍可降低極早產(chǎn)兒機(jī)械通氣的比率和時(shí)間,從而降低極早產(chǎn)兒BPD的發(fā)生率[25]。
本研究采用回顧性病例對(duì)照研究,雖校正了相關(guān)混雜因素,但仍存在如機(jī)械通氣模式(常頻、高頻)及機(jī)械通氣前氣管插管方式(經(jīng)口、經(jīng)鼻)選擇等差異,仍存在結(jié)論混淆的可能性。另外,本研究為單中心的研究結(jié)果,仍需進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大樣本量,并進(jìn)行多中心前瞻性研究加以證實(shí)。
綜上所述,使用MIST給予首劑PS后,因RDS持續(xù)存在,相對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)氣管插管方式,重復(fù)實(shí)施MIST給予第二劑PS仍可降低極早產(chǎn)兒機(jī)械通氣的比率,可能會(huì)降低其BPD的發(fā)生率。
利益沖突:所有作者均聲明無(wú)利益沖突。
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