





摘 要:為有效提高肥料利用率、油菜產量和經濟效益,以中雜油19為試材,在湖南省益陽市南縣開展了氮磷鉀配施對油菜產量及肥料利用率影響的研究。結果表明:油菜的單位面積株數、株高、一次有效分枝數、單株有效角果數、每角果粒數、千粒重、產量和純收入指標值均是N、P、K肥配施(T4)處理的最高,而無氮(T1)處理的為最低,其中T4處理的產量分別比T1、T2(無磷)和T3(無鉀)處理增加897.0、337.5和468.0 kg/hm2,T4處理的純收入最高達5 079.5元/hm2,分別比T1、T2和T3處理高4 364.6、1 857.9和2 088.0元/hm2;不同施肥處理對油菜的 N、P、K積累量影響極顯著,以N肥影響最大,K肥次之,P肥第三;T4處理的N、P和K肥利用率分別為34.96%、24.48%和47.35%,均極顯著高于其他處理,不施任意一種肥料,其他肥料的利用率均極顯著降低。因此,在油菜生產中應該加強N、P、K肥料的配合施用,以提高產量、肥料利用率和經濟效益。
關鍵詞:油菜;中雜油19;氮磷鉀配施;產量;肥料利用率
中圖分類號:S565.4 文獻標識碼:A 文章編號:1006-060X(2023)05-0045-04
Abstract:Using Zhongzayou19 as material, the effects of combined application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers on fertilizer utilization rate, yield and economic benefit of oilseed rape were studied in Nanxian County, Yiyang City, Hunan Province. The results show that: the index values of the plant number per unit area, plant height, the first effective branch number, the effective silique number per plant, the seed number per silique, 1 000-seed weight, yield and net income were the highest in T4 (the combined application of N, P and K fertilizers), and the lowest in T1 (no nitrogen application). In detail, the yield of T4 was respectively 897.0, 337.5 and 468.0 kg/hm2 higher than that of T1, T2 (no phosphorus application) and T3 (no potassium application), and the net income of T4 was up to 5 079.5 yuan/hm2, 4 364.6, 1 857.9 and 2 088.0 yuan/hm2 higher than that of T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Different fertilization treatments very significantly affected the accumulation of N, P and K in rape, with N fertilizer having the greatest effect, K fertilizer the second and P fertilizer the third. The utilization rates of N, P and K fertilizers in T4 were 34.96%, 24.48% and 47.35%, respectively, extremely significantly higher than those of the other treatments. In the absense of any kind of fertilizer, the utilization rates of the other fertilizers were extremely significantly reduced. Therefore, it should focus on the combined application of N, P and K fertilizers in oilseed rape production to improve yield, fertilizer utilization rate and economic benefit.
Key words: oilseed rape; Zhongzayou19; combined application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers; yield; fertilizer utilization rate
2022年中央一號文件明確指出,我國必須堅守保障國家糧食安全底線,大力實施油料產能提升工程。油菜(Brassica campestris L.)是我國主要油料作物和蛋白飼料作物之一,是我國第一大國產植物油源和第二大飼料蛋白源,油菜的穩產高產對于保證食用油安全和食物安全至關重要[1]。我國油菜種植面積和產量均占世界30%左右[2]。2022年,湖南省油菜收獲面積總計14 212.4 hm2。南縣是湖南油菜生產大縣之一,2021年油菜種植面積365.5 hm2。湖南省的油菜生產在保障全國食用油安全,提高人民生活水平和質量,合理作物布局,改良土壤中具有重要作用?!?br>