明代上海日涉園平面復原與園林特征研究

賴智慧 覃露儀 徐瑾

摘要：明代名匠佳園薈萃江南，上海私家園林也如雨后春筍般涌現。日涉園由張南陽參與造園，作為明代上海三大名園之一，具有極高的復原價值。通過對日涉園方志、園記、園詩和園圖的搜集整理、對比分析，梳理了園林的歷史沿革，確定了園址范圍，得出主景曠達、次景幽邃的園林空間布局，進一步推導復原了平面圖；并對其造園要素展開研究，且就疊山藝術與張南陽建造的另兩座園林豫園、弇山園相比較，歸納出日涉園具有山石巍峨奇巧、水體聚散有致、花木野趣自然三方面的園林特征。

關鍵詞：日涉園；復原分析；明代私家園林；張南陽；上海

中圖分類號：TU986

文獻標志碼：A

文章編號：1671-2641（2023）01-0031-06

收稿日期：2022-06-17

Abstract： Excellent gardens and famous craftsmen in the Ming Dynasty gathered in the south of the Yangtze River， and private gardens in Shanghai had also mushroomed. Rishe Garden， which was built by Zhang Nanyang， as one of the three famous gardens in Shanghai in the Ming Dynasty， ?has high restoration value. In this paper， based on the collection， collation and comparative analysis of the relevant local chronicles， garden records， poems and maps of Rishe Garden， the historical evolution of the garden is sorted out， the scope of the site is determined， the general layout of the garden space with the broad main scenery and the deep secondary scenery is summarized， and the restoration plan is further deduced and improved. The paper also studies garden elements of Rishe Garden， and compares the art of stacking mountains with the other two gardens built by Zhang Nanyang， namely Yu Garden and Yanshan Garden. Based on the above， it is concluded that Rishe Garden has three main features： the originality of mountains and rocks， the convergence and separation of water bodies， and the wild and natural beauty of flowers and trees.

Key words： Rishe Garden; Restoration analysis; Private garden of the Ming Dynasty; Zhang Nanyang; Shanghai

明代江南經濟富庶，官商云集，私家園林進入造園的鼎盛時期。上海的私家園林也在這一時期得到蓬勃發展，文人墨客間更是掀起了一陣造園風潮。日涉園是太仆寺少卿陳所蘊建造的園林，凝聚了晚明杰出造園家張南陽①及其繼任者曹諒兩代匠人的造園思想和造園手法的精髓，后又由顧山師增添擴建。日涉園建成后名聲大噪，與當時的露香園、豫園并稱為“明代上海三大名園”。現如今，這一具有極高藝術價值的園林已湮沒于世。

日涉園在晚明上海私家園林中有著舉足輕重的地位。一方面上海官宦云集，“大隱隱于市”的觀念深植于沉浮官場的文人心中，宅園作為仕宦的避風港，不僅具備傳統江南私家園林的造園特征，而且融入了主人的審美造詣和心境追求。……