莫高窟第361窟壁畫建筑彩畫裝飾藝術初探

孟祥武 楊潤澤 裴強強 葉明暉

內容摘要：由于我國唐代及以前的木構建筑遺存甚少，學界對建筑彩畫的研究多集中于明清官式彩畫，對明清之前的彩畫研究較為薄弱。然而，敦煌莫高窟壁畫中較好地保留了中唐至西夏時期的建筑彩畫圖像，是豐富我國建筑彩畫的重要史料。因此，文章從構圖比例、紋樣圖案、色彩配置等三方面系統分析了莫高窟第361窟建筑彩畫的藝術特征，并與現存建筑彩畫實例進行對比，發現第361窟建筑彩畫裝飾藏式風格突出、特征元素豐富，對研究吐蕃時期敦煌石窟建筑藝術和完善我國早期藏族建筑彩畫形制特征具有雙重價值與意義。

關鍵詞：莫高窟第361窟;壁畫;建筑彩畫;藝術特征

中圖分類號：K879.41 ?文獻標識碼：A ?文章編號：1000-4106（2022）01-0087-12

A Preliminary Study on the Decorative Art of the

Architectural Color Paintings in Mogao Cave 361

MENG Xiangwu1，2 YANG Runze1 PEI Qiangqiang1，3 YE Minghui1

（1. School of Design and Art， Lanzhou University of Technology， Lanzhou， Gansu 730050;

2. School of Architecture， Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology， Xi’an， Shaannxi 710055;

3. Conservation Institute， Dunhuang Academy， Dunhuang， Gansu 736200）

Abstract：As few remains of ancient buildings built during or prior to the Tang dynasty have been preserved until today， research on architectural color paintings has mainly focused on the official color paintings of the Ming and Qing dynasties. Research on color paintings prior to the Ming and Qing dynasties is severely lacking. The murals in Dunhuang Mogao caves are accompanied by many well-preserved architectural color paintings made between the middle Tang and Western Xia dynasties and can provide important historical material to enrich research on this genre of Chinese painting. This paper systematically analyzes the artistic characteristics of the architectural color paintings in Mogao cave 131 from the perspectives of compositional proportion， overall pattern， and color configuration， and then compares them with other extant architectural color paintings. The conclusion of this analysis is that the paintings in cave 361 show prominent Tibetan stylistic characteristics. These paintings are of great significance for studying the architectural art created in Dunhuang caves during the Tibetan Occupation period， and for improving our understanding of the shape and proportion of early Tibetan architectural color paintings in China.

Keywords：Mogao cave 361; wall painting; architectural color painting; artistic features

在歷時2500余年的發展中，建筑彩畫作為木構建筑本體保護和裝飾的重要組成部分，是我國建筑“意”和傳統文化最直觀的視覺表達。但目前我國對建筑彩畫的研究成果多集中于明清時期官式彩畫，明清之前的建筑彩畫研究較為薄弱。究其根本，是由于我國唐代及以前的古建筑遺存有限，加之繪制彩畫的顏料長期暴露在自然環境中經受風雨腐蝕后也會褪色，在歷史長河中無法完好保存。幸而，敦煌壁畫中蘊藏了豐富的建筑圖像，雖然歷經千年其建筑色彩仍然清晰可見，尤其是吐蕃統治晚期敦煌莫高窟經變畫中出現的建筑彩畫裝飾，內容豐富，畫面清晰，可作為研究建筑彩畫形象的重要資料。……