錢龍 胡仲彬 朱倩茹 都潔 李洋
(成都文理學院,四川 成都 610401)
目前國內關于“N times bigger”和“increase by N times”的意思尚未統一,是“是N倍”和“增加到N倍”,還是“是N+1倍”和“增加到N+1倍”?不少翻譯教材和英漢詞典說法相互矛盾。
全國翻譯資格考試教材3級筆譯的實務和配套訓練相互矛盾。前者有例句“地球的體積是月球的四十九倍……譯文三:The earth is 48 times larger than the moon.”,認為“N times bigger”是“大 N 倍,是(N+1)倍那么大”。后者論述“‘A比B大5倍’不可譯成A is 5 times larger than B,應譯成A is 6 times as large as B,或 A is 6 times larger than B”,認為“N times bigger”是“大(N-1)倍,是 N 倍那么大”。
柯林斯系列英漢詞典factor詞條下例句“The cost of butter quadrupled and bread prices increased by a factor of five”有三種翻譯。《柯林斯英漢雙解學習詞典精編版》譯為“黃油價格漲了3倍,面包價格漲了4倍”;《柯林斯高階英漢雙解學習詞典》譯為“黃油價格漲了4倍,面包價格漲了5倍”。《柯林斯高級英漢雙解詞典》譯為“黃油的價格是原來的4倍,面包的價格上漲了5倍”。
文章將查詢英英詞典里fold,triple,factor下關于倍數的釋義,通過兩種方法探究“N times bigger”和“increase by N times”的意思。
首先確定triple的意思,柯林斯高階英語學習詞典中解釋為“If something triples...it becomes three times as large”,即“成為三倍那么大”。麥克米倫高階英語詞典將triple解釋為“to increase something so that it is three times bigger than before:He helped triple the value of the company.a.to increase by three times:Sales tripled over a six-month period”,麥克米倫高階美語詞典的解釋完全相同。麥克米倫兩部詞典先將triple解釋為“three times bigger”,說明“N times bigger”意為“是 N倍那么大”或“大(N-1)倍”;隨后又解釋為“increase by three times”,說明“increase by N times”的意思是“增加到N倍”或“增加(N-1)倍”。至此,麥克米倫詞典已經給出了答案,“N times bigger” = “increase by N times” = “是N倍那么大”或“大(N-1)倍”,英語和美語一致。
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但可能有人質疑,這只是一部詞典而已,還有其他很多詞典,這也就需要引出第二種證明方法。假設各詞典表述一致,按相關釋義推理,期間各詞典沒有矛盾,則可以證明這個倍數翻譯問題有且只有一個正確答案;如果推理過程中,詞典之間出現矛盾,則假設不成立,也就說明這個問題在英語中確確實實有爭議,那以英語為第二語言的國內學者也大可不必糾結于此。
朗文高階英語詞典英語版對-fold解釋有“The value of the house has increased fourfold(=it is now worth four times as much as before).”,說明 increase N-fold的含義為“成為N倍”,牛津高階英語詞典為“multiplied by.”,蘭登書屋韋氏大學英語詞典為“‘multiplied the number of times'specified by the initial element.”,同為一個意思。麥克米倫高階英語詞典為“a fourfold increase(=an increase in an amount that makes it four times larger than before)”,可以不再作為論據,與后文不矛盾即可。而柯林斯高階英語學習詞典有解釋“if an amount increases fourfold, itis four times greater than itwas originally”,結合朗文詞典,說明“increase N-fold” =“N times bigger”=“是N倍那么大”或“大(N-1)倍”。
牛津高階英語詞典對factor有解釋“the amount by which sth.increases or decreases.”,看不出比較關系,蘭登書屋韋氏大學英語詞典未列出相關釋義例句,麥克米倫高階英語詞典的解釋為“if something increases by a factor of 5,10,20 etc, it becomes 5,10,20 etc times larger.”,依然不作為論據,只查驗是否與后文矛盾。
柯林斯高階英語學習詞典有釋義“if an amount increases by a factor of two, for example, or by a factor of eight,then it becomes two times bigger or eight times bigger.”,朗文高階英語詞典英語版有“if something increases or decreases by a factor of five,ten etc., it increases or decreases by five times, ten times etc.”,從這兩部詞典可知“increase by a factor of N” = “N times bigger” = “increase by N times”,結合上一節的結論,可知“increase by a factor of N”= “N times bigger” = “increase by N times” = “increase N-fold”=“是N倍那么大”或“大(N-1)倍”。推理過程中各詞典釋義未出現矛盾,假設成立,所列六部英英詞典觀點一致。
文章通過對六部權威英英字典的查閱,對比倍數單詞“triple”“fold”“factor”的釋義,證明了“N times bigger” = “increase by N times” = “increase by a factor of N”=“increase N-fold”=“是N倍那么大”或“大(N-1)倍”,從詞典層面厘清了該倍數結構的含義。