將韌性作為設計的驅動力

金華白沙堤三十六堰灌區在2020年成功入選世界灌溉工程遺產名錄，是浙江省現存最古老的堰壩引水灌溉工程，始建于27年。灌溉農田達1.86萬hm2，從最上游沙販堰到最下游中濟堰，橫跨45 km，水位落差168 m。三十六堰的建設依循“階梯–深潭”山區河流自然發育的地貌特征，在每個深潭的下游修筑堰壩，利用深潭對水流的消能作用以減小對堰壩的沖擊，穩定了白沙溪的河床，并在干旱月份增加堰壩蓄水量。同時，“以潭筑堰”的方式有利于生物多樣性保護，有極高的區域生態重塑價值。不同于建設剛性大壩的方式，三十六堰更加因地制宜，以低影響介入、剛柔并濟的方式多級修筑堰壩，構建了持久的區域韌性系統，彰顯了傳統智慧。

在前工業時代，以農業、水利為基礎，構建了很多輻射區域的灌區，形成了與自然相適應的基礎設施體系，支撐區域內城市和鄉村的發展。隨著工業化轉變，城市人口高度聚集和城市蔓延，快捷方便的基礎設施網絡迅速與區域的工業化生產交織，促進城市化發展并顯著地改變著景觀風貌。

工業革命產生總是與城市的發展息息相關，英國如此，法國亦如是，在擁有更多土地的美國，這一特征更加明顯。產業革命使勞動力聚集，推動了美國城市體系的形成。作為美國工業化程度最高地區之一的波士頓查爾斯河口，河口沿岸在1820年前還是潮汐鹽生沼澤濕地，每天要經歷2次漲潮期。為利用潮汐水能，在沿河的波士頓公地（Boston Common）和后灣（Back Bay）建立了呈“T”形的長、短兩座攔水壩，并和礫石角（Gravelly Point）相連，這里設有用于工業及紡織業生產的軋機滾輪，兩座壩將潮汐沼澤地帶分為水位不同的2個盆地。在漲潮時通過長攔水壩（Mill Dam）閘口進入高位盆地，當蓄水達至設定水位時，通過短壩（Cross Dam）上的閘口泄入低位盆地，再排入查爾斯河，水流在此過程中帶動軋機滾輪進行24 h持續轉動，有效利用這一自然力量，提高了生產效率。這項建壩工程促使波士頓成為工業中心，但同時也改變了查爾斯河口的潮汐沼澤生態環境，攔水壩阻擋了潮水對沼澤地帶的清潔作用，長期積聚的工業廢棄垃圾使此地變成泥濘地帶，降低了水在盆地的流動速度，導致軋機滾輪無法運轉。至1850年，城市轉型已經成為城市化過程中亟待解決的問題。后灣填地項目在諸多因素的助推下應運而生，使污染的河口地區環境得到治理，波士頓半島的面積得到擴張，原有潮汐沼澤濕地區建設了后灣商住城市片區以及波士頓公共花園，修建聯邦林蔭大道，進一步提升了后灣土地價值，聯邦林蔭大道也成為未來波士頓“翡翠項鏈”連接波士頓公共花園和波士頓公地的重要綠道。

然而，后灣填地工程降低了匯入后灣的泥河（Muddy River）的行洪能力，為城市西南地區帶來潛在洪水風險，奧姆斯特德將泥河的彈性防洪功能與外圍泛洪區相結合進行公園設計，并整合下水道、水閘等工程措施共同解決洪澇風險。至此，一個原本土地局促的河口半島得到充分拓展，原始景觀發生了極大的改變。持續的工程建設促進了城市應對不同時期風險的適應性轉型發展，形成了公園與防洪工程相融合的韌性基礎設施體系。

當代城市形態是基于工業化社會運轉需求形成的：發達的基礎設施網絡、生產廠房、辦公區、住宅以及相應的休憩綠地?，F代基礎設施的優勢在于強調效率和經濟的標準化建設，但同時也暴露出在應對災害和意外事故風險方面的脆弱性，缺乏彈性和適應能力。

在后工業時代，支撐工業化生產運轉的城市形態必然會有新的演進，我們有必要重新思考基礎設施應對災害風險和重塑公共空間的新路徑。區域的發展與人們的生活總是需要應對災難，并適應不斷變化的外在環境，然而實際上漲潮、洪水、颶風都只是自然現象，本身并不是災難，如何通過設計手段提升應對風險能力才是我們的課題。在全球氣候變化、碳中和、數字經濟的發展背景下，將韌性作為設計的驅動力，重新認知自然，認知傳統，通過將剛性的抵御與彈性的應對相結合，修復受損的生態系統，重塑公共空間，共同構建更安全、更有趣和更具活力的城市。

With Resilience as the Driving Force of Design

Weir 36 Irrigation Area of Baisha Dike, Jinhua, was successfully included in the World Irrigation Engineering Heritage List in 2020. As the existing oldest weir diverting water for irrigation in Zhejiang Province, it was established in AD 27.The weir may irrigate 18,600 hm2of farmland across 45 km from the most upstream Shafan Weir to the most downstream Zhongji Weir, with height of water 168 m. The construction of the Weir 36 follows the geomorphic characteristics of naturally developed mountain rivers of “terraces-deep pools”. A weir was built downstream of each deep pool to reduce the impact of the weir using the energy dissipation effect of the deep pool on the water flow, thus stabilizing the bed of the Baisha Creek, and increasing the water retention capacity of the weir during the dry months.At the same time, “building a weir by deep pool” is conducive to biodiversity conservation with a high value for regional ecological restoration. Different from a rigid dam, Weir 36 is more suitable to local conditions in construction mode. A durable regional resilience system is constructed using a multi-stage construction of weir by low impact intervention of both resilience and rigidity,reflecting a traditional wisdom.

In the pre-industrial times, many radiating irrigation areas were constructed based on agriculture and water conservancy,thus forming an infrastructure system adaptable to the nature,which supported local urban and rural development. With the urban population highly concentrated and urban sprawl following industrialization, infrastructure networks have intersected with local industrial production quickly and conveniently for promoting urbanization, which is changing the landscapes dramatically.

As with Britain and France, industrial revolution has always been closely related to the development of cities. In the United States with more land, this is more evident: the industrial revolution has concentrated the labor force and promoted the formation of the American urban system. The Charles River estuary in Boston, as one of the most industrialized regions in the United States, was a tidal salt marsh with two high tides a day until 1820. In order to utilize the tidal power, T-shaped long and short dams (Mill Dam and Cross Dam) were established at the Boston Common and Back Bay along the river, connecting the Gravelly Point, where there were rolling mills for industrial and textile production, and two dams dividing the tidal swamp into two basins with different water levels. At high tide, water access to the high basin may be realized through the gate of long dam (Mill Dam), and when the set water level was reached,the water was discharged to the low basin through the gate of short dam (Cross Dam), and then into the Charles River. In the process, the water flow drove the rolling mill roller to rotate continuously for 24 h. This natural force was utilized effectively,and thus, the production efficiency was improved. This dam project made Boston become an industrial center, but at the same time, it changed the tidal marsh ecology at the Charles River estuary. Specifically, the dam for water retaining prevented the tide from cleaning the swamp, and the accumulated industrial waste turned it into a muddy zone, slowing the flow of water through the basin, and thus, the roller of rolling mill became unable to operate. By 1850, urban transformation had become an urgent problem to be solved in the process of urbanization.Back Bay reclamation project was initiated under the boost of many factors. Subsequently, the polluted environment at the estuary was brought under control, the area of the Boston Peninsula was expanded, and in the original tidal marsh, the Back Bay Commercial and Residential Urban Area and the Boston Public Garden, together with Commonwealth Avenue, were built. The land value of Back Bay was further enhanced, and the Commonwealth Avenue became an important green way for“Emerald Necklace” of future Boston connecting Boston Public Garden and Boston Common.

However, the Back Bay reclamation project has reduced the flood carrying capacity of the Muddy River, which flows into the Back Bay, thus posing a potential flood risk to the southwest of the city. Olmsted combined the flexible flood control function of the Muddy River with peripheral flood zones as designing the park, and integrated sewers and sluices for addressing the flood risk. Thus, an estuarine peninsula with limited land was fully expanded, and the original landscape was changed greatly. The continuous construction has promoted an adaptive transformation of the city to cope with risks in different periods,and formed a resilient infrastructure system integrating parks and flood control works.

Contemporary urban is formed based on the demand of an industrialized society for functioning: developed infrastructure network, production workshop, office area, residence, and corresponding open green space. For modern infrastructure,there are advantages lying in an emphasis on efficiency and standardized economic construction, but there is vulnerability in responding to disaster and accident risks, and lack of resilience and adaptability as well.

In a post-industrial era, there will inevitably be new evolutions for an urban form supporting the operation of industrial production,and so, it is necessary for us to rethink a new path for the infrastructure to cope with disaster risk and reshape public space.For regional development and people’s life, there is always the need to cope with disasters and adapt to changing external circumstances.However, as a matter of fact, high tides, floods, and hurricanes are just natural phenomena, not disasters in themselves. What we need to do is promoting our ability to deal with relevant risks.Under global development background of climate change, carbon neutral, and digital economy, with resilience as the driving force of design we can repair damaged ecosystems, reshape public spaces, and make our cities safer, more interesting, and more vibrant jointly through combining rigid resistance with resilient response.

Editor-in-Chief: Professor ZHENG Xi

June 25, 2021