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大蒜來源有機硫化物與心血管疾病的關系的研究進展

2020-09-10 00:55:27張起毓嚴嘯李匯華
中國食物與營養 2020年1期
關鍵詞:心血管疾病

張起毓 嚴嘯 李匯華

摘要:綜述了大蒜來源有機硫化物與動脈粥樣硬化、高血壓、心肌肥厚與心力衰竭、心肌梗死等心血管疾病的關系的研究進展,為大蒜及其相關硫化物對心血管系統的分子機制研究提供科學依據。

關鍵詞:大蒜;有機硫化物;心血管疾病

近年來,天然存在的氣體信號分子包括NO、CO以及H2S受到越來越多研究者的重視。這些分子由細胞內特定酶系統合成,生成或缺乏時會產生明顯的生理結局,比如心血管系統[14]。NO、CO和H2S保護心血管的多種分子機制被認為與大蒜相關硫化物共享,這可能是與大蒜及其硫化物(SAC、阿霍烯以及二/三硫化合物)激活哺乳動物組織中NO、CO和H2S的生物合成系統有關。研究顯示,大蒜及其相關精油在特定情況下能產生H2S[5],并與其中的成分DATS、環2乙烯二噻、3乙烯二噻以及阿霍烯有關[6],這些分子可能作為天然H2S供體,類似于新型藥理學供體GYY4137、AP39以及非甾體抗炎藥的H2S釋放衍生物[79]。研究發現,H2S和NO可共同作用產生多硫化物(H2Sn)[1011]。大蒜來源H2S能否與內源性NO共同作用形成細胞內多硫化物值得進一步研究。

1大蒜來源多硫化物分類

11硫代亞硫酸鹽

當大蒜完整性被破壞時,大蒜素等一系列硫代亞硫酸鹽產生,均不穩定。

12有機硫揮發物

大蒜素通常分解為二烯丙基二硫(DADS)、二烯丙基硫醚(DAS)、三硫化二烯丙基(DATS)以及二氧化硫。切碎大蒜和大蒜油中主要揮發物為DAS、DADS、DATS及阿霍烯等。

13乙烯二噻烯

此類化合物是大蒜素的熱分解產物,包括2乙烯4H1和3二噻等,在油浸生蒜中含量豐富[12]。

14阿霍烯

阿霍烯是大蒜素的降解產物。隨著溫度升高,阿霍烯的濃度逐漸增加,主要為E阿霍烯和Z阿霍烯。

15水溶性有機硫化物

水和酒精大蒜提取物主要含有S烯丙基L半胱氨酸(SAC)、S(反式1丙烯)L半胱氨酸(S1PC)以及少量的S甲基L半胱氨酸(SMC),同時也是陳化大蒜提取物(AGE)的主要成分。

2動脈粥樣硬化

研究表明,大蒜存在多種抗動脈粥樣硬化(AS)作用。血漿膽固醇水平升高,尤其是低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDLC)被認為是AS發病的首要原因。研究顯示,嚙齒動物口服大蒜素粉末(5~50 mg/kg體重)或生蒜提取物(3~300 mg/kg體重)后,高膽固醇飲食誘導的血漿總膽固醇、LDLC及甘油三酯(TG)增高得到明顯抑制[1315]。與之類似,大蒜來源多硫化物DADS類似物干預可有效降低高膽固醇大鼠的總脂質水平。研究顯示,AGE對于抑制LDLC攝取有著不可或缺的作用。在AS損傷進展過程中,CD36膽固醇清道夫受體表達增加和巨噬細胞分化在OXLDL攝取和泡沫細胞形成中發揮關鍵作用。人單核/巨噬細胞(THP1細胞和人原代單核細胞)用同型半胱氨酸孵育后,AGE可抑制CD36表達、OXLDL攝取以及巨噬細胞分化[1617]。此外,Morihara等[16]發現,AGE通過抑制PPARγ(OXLDL攝取關鍵調控因子)下調CD36表達。

目前,有多項隨機雙盲安慰劑對照臨床研究試圖闡明大蒜對AS危險因素的作用。每日給予大蒜治療可降低高脂血癥和冠狀動脈疾?。–AD)患者的總膽固醇、LDLC及TG水平[1820]。相似結果也發現于健康男性長跑者[21]。C反應蛋白(CRP)是炎癥的重要標志物,同時也是心血管風險因素[22 23]。在AS中,CRP沉積于動脈壁,上調內皮細胞粘附分子表達,促進泡沫細胞形成[22,24]。兩項納入無癥狀和中度危險CAD患者的研究發現,每日補充AGE(300、1 200 mg)可降低CRP水平[2526]。大蒜抗AS作用也有矛盾的發現,有研究顯示,大蒜對血漿膽固醇水平無顯著作用。大蒜的成分和制備以及大蒜中硫化物的量可能造成了這些不一致的結果。

3高血壓

40%的心血管相關死亡歸因于高血壓[27]。研究表明,膳食大蒜攝入均能降低血壓,生蒜和AGE可降低自發性高血壓大鼠收縮壓[2830]。Harauma等[29]發現,AGE改善動脈延伸性并減輕僵硬度,顯示AGE可能存在對血管壁的其他直接作用,從而改善血管順應性。類似結果也見于每日給予大蒜粉處理的高脂膳食喂養大鼠[28]。在高血壓患者中,大蒜補充劑有明顯的降血壓作用[31]。每日補充AGE,4周即能顯著降低不受控制高血壓患者收縮壓[27,32]。針對時釋性大蒜片Allicor和常規大蒜片Kwai的比較研究顯示,二者對于輕至中度高血壓均能降低收縮壓,然而,只有Allicor可降低舒張壓[33]。一項納入了無癥狀、高職業壓力消防員的研究發現,每日給予AGE干預1年后,血管彈性和內皮功能得到明顯改善[26]。NO在血管功能發揮重要作用,通過促進血管舒張或抑制收縮,從而調節血壓。在大鼠鹽敏感高血壓模型中,每日大蒜治療可通過提高NO生物活性降血壓[34]。Mohamadi等[35]發現,NO在每日大蒜和AGE介導的自發性高血壓大鼠收縮壓降低中發揮關鍵作用[35]。生蒜和AGE不僅能改善血管反應性[14,36]和內皮功能障礙[36],一些研究者發現,生蒜和AGE能同時提高NO合成酶活性及NO生成[3739]。

H2S在組織中主要由胱硫醚γ裂解酶(CSE)、胱硫醚β合成酶(CBS)以及3巰基丙酮酸硫轉移酶(3MST)合成[2]。Benavides等[40]發現,大蒜來源多硫化物例如DATS和DADS是H2S的供體,且不依賴CSE、CBS以及3MST。與NO十分類似,H2S是一種內源產生的氣體信號分子,在許多生理過程中發揮重要作用,并且在多種心血管疾病和損傷模型中呈現細胞保護功能[4144]。Benavides等[40]研究證實,大蒜來源多硫化物通過介導H2S生成調控血管反應性。大蒜(1 g/L)干預后,SpragueDawley大鼠離體血管環表現出劑量反應性血管收縮,同時伴隨H2S生成[40]。外源和內源性H2S激活血管平滑肌的ATP敏感性K+通道,導致細胞膜超極化[45];滅活電壓依賴性L型Ca2+通道,使血管收縮和舒張。研究表明,H2S介導的心臟保護作用可能通過與NO的交互作用,并依賴于NO信號[43,4650]。NO供體干預上調H2S生成酶CBS和CSE,促進血管舒張[5153]。H2S可增強NO供體介導的體外大鼠胸主動脈收縮[54]。eNOS信號鳥苷酸環化酶通過形成第二信使系統環磷酸5’鳥苷(cGMP),介導周圍組織NO合成。多位點的磷酸化,特別是Ser1177或Thr495,通過調控eNOS活性分別增強或抑制NO生成[5557]。在OXLDL存在的情況下,DADS和DATS通過介導Ser1177磷酸化恢復eNOS功能,提高NO代謝物亞硝酸鹽、硝酸鹽及亞硝基硫醇濃度[58]。此外,H2S增強內皮NO合成酶(eNOS)活性及NO生物利用率,從而改善血管功能[59]。Nie等[60]發現,冠狀動脈損傷后采用包被DATS支架治療可上調eNOS和NO生成,介導內皮愈合而改善血管功能。大蒜多硫化物來源的H2S激活eNOS,提高NO生物利用率從而發揮心臟保護作用,其中潛在機制還需要進一步研究。

4心肌肥厚和心力衰竭

目前,心臟肥厚性重構導致的心力衰竭,仍是全球首要死因之一[61]。生蒜、大蒜油及大蒜來源多硫化物均有產生H2S的能力[36,47,62]。生蒜含有活性代謝產物大蒜素,在大鼠肺動脈高壓和心衰模型中可明顯減輕右室壓力和肥厚[36]。與之類似,大蒜油中的多硫化物DATS和DADS可減輕糖尿病誘導心肌病模型中病理性心肌肥厚,改善心臟收縮功能[62]。在小鼠主動脈縮窄誘導心衰模型中,大蒜來源DATS有類似地減輕左心室擴張和功能障礙的作用。Polhemus等[47]發現,DATS治療可緩解外周血管和肌肉間纖維化進展。此外,大蒜來源硫化物DADS和代謝產物通過eNOSNrf2Tfam信號激活線粒體生物合成,介導Na+/K+ATP酶表達,改善異丙腎上腺素誘導大鼠心肌肥厚[6364]。

5心肌梗死

與傳統速效H2S供體(硫化鈉和硫化氫鈉)相比,大蒜來源DATS能在更長時間內逐漸升高H2S水平,并提高心肌缺血/再灌注后循環和組織中內源性H2S濃度[46]。Predmore等[46]發現,再灌注期給予DATS靜脈或腹腔注射可顯著減輕心肌損傷,包括梗死面積減少和心臟損傷標志物心肌肌鈣蛋白I循環濃度降低。利用H2S生成酶CSE基因敲除小鼠,King等[65]發現,再灌注期補充DATS可恢復H2S濃度,并減少梗死范圍。此外,在鏈脲佐菌素誘導大鼠糖尿病模型中,DATS通過AMPK介導AKT/GSK3β/HIF1α信號通路激活,減輕心肌缺血—再灌注損傷[66]。

綜上所述,大蒜介導的心臟有益作用與多種機制有關,這些機制可能由大蒜的活性成分介導。大蒜素分解為有機多硫化物以及隨后與硫醇間的相互作用,導致H2S產生。鑒于臨床前研究證實H2S具有心血管保護作用,膳食大蒜對心血管的保護和逆轉作用可能部分通過H2S介導。此外,H2S與NO信號間的交互作用進一步闡明了大蒜對血管反應性、血管生成及心血管的保護作用。未來需要更多實驗和臨床研究來揭示大蒜及其來源有機硫化物對心血管疾病的作用及潛在機制?!?/p>

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