杜鵑蘭人工授粉技術研究

封海東 金善忠 王巍 張振 周明 張澤志 司海倩 韓明清 李坤

摘要：對杜鵑蘭（Cremastra appendiculata）人工授粉后的結莢習性進行動態觀察，對杜鵑蘭人工高效受粉技術進行探究與整合，結果表明，在適宜的溫濕度下，杜鵑蘭受粉3 d后花托開始明顯膨大，開花20 d左右花托膨大結束，果莢大小定型，開花170 d天左右果莢成熟。在濕度60%～80%，溫度25～28 ℃，遮光度90%～95%時，杜鵑蘭果莢生長較快，且無病蟲害發生。溫度超過30 ℃時，杜鵑蘭果莢生長受抑，生長緩慢或停止;溫度超過33 ℃時，部分杜鵑蘭果莢干癟死亡脫落，并會孳生病蟲害。人工授粉的平均結實率為60.75%，自然受粉結實率為1.43%，人工授粉結實率遠高于自然受粉。分別于開花第一至第七天進行人工授粉，開花天數與結實率呈近似連續正交分布，其中開花第三天人工授粉的結實率最高，為97.50%，此后結實率開始降低。單株留花數與人工授粉結實率呈顯著負相關關系，即隨著單株留花數的增多，人工授粉結實率下降;此外，單株留花數與自然受粉結實率也呈負相關關系。結合產量及成本等因素，得出最優單株人工授粉留花數為8～10朵。

關鍵詞：杜鵑蘭（Cremastra appendiculata）;結莢習性;人工授粉技術;結實率

中圖分類號：S567.23+9? ? ? ? ?文獻標識碼：A

文章編號：0439-8114（2019）21-0127-03

DOI：10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.21.026

Abstract： The dynamic observation of the pod habit after artificial pollination of Cremastra appendiculata was carried out， and the artificial high-efficiency pollination technology of C. appendiculata was explored and integrated. the results showed that under appropriate temperature and humidity， the flower tray began to expand significantly after 3 days of pollination， and the flower tray was enlarged after 20 days of flowering， the pods were shaped， and the fruit pods matured about 170 days after flowering. When the humidity is 60%～80%， the temperature is 25～28 ℃， and the opacity is 90%～95%， the pods of C. appendiculate grow faster and no diseases and pests occur. When the temperature exceeds 30 ℃， the growth of C. appendiculate pods is inhibited， and the growth is slow or stopped. When the temperature exceeds 33 ℃， some of the C. appendiculate pods withered and died， and diseases and pests occur. The average seed setting rate of artificial pollination was 60.75%， and that of natural pollination was 1.43%. And the seed setting rate of artificial pollination is much higher than that of natural pollination. Artificial pollination was carried out on the 1st to 7th day after flowering， respectively， the flowering days and the seed setting rate were approximately continuous and orthogonal. The seed setting rate of artificial pollination on the third day of flowering was 97.50%， and the seed setting rate began to decrease thereafter. There was a significant negative correlation between the number of flowers per plant and the seed setting rate of artificial pollination. That is， as the number of flowers per plant increases， the seed setting rate of artificial pollination decreases. In addition， the number of flowers per plant was negatively correlated with the seed setting rate of natural pollination. Combined with factors such as yield and cost， it is concluded that the optimal number of flowers left by artificial pollination per plant is 8～10.

根據試驗結果，總結出杜鵑蘭人工授粉的方法，選取莖稈健壯、花序發達、無病蟲害的植株，每株留花8～10朵，于開花第三天，用鑷子取掉父本花藥團，掀掉藥帽，置于母本藥腔內，母本藥腔內有黏液，可黏住花藥團，授粉完畢可摘除母本唇瓣，并掛牌套袋標注，防止二次受粉。本試驗選擇的溫、濕度及遮光度參考了陳德媛等[9]、張麗霞[11]的研究結果，分別設置為溫度25～28 ℃，濕度60%～80%，遮光度90%～95%。結果表明，這一設計下杜鵑蘭果莢能夠正常生長并成熟，更優的環境條件有待開展進一步試驗進行驗證。

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