廣東省冬種馬鈴薯施肥現(xiàn)狀調(diào)查與施肥對(duì)策

李成晨 安康 索海翠 劉曉津 李小波

摘 ?要??為了解廣東省近年來(lái)馬鈴薯肥料使用現(xiàn)狀及在施用過(guò)程中存在的問(wèn)題，對(duì)粵東、粵西、粵北和珠三角4個(gè)馬鈴薯種植區(qū)160戶馬鈴薯種植戶的種植情況進(jìn)行了調(diào)查、分析和評(píng)價(jià)。結(jié)果表明，廣東省冬種馬鈴薯大多數(shù)品種為費(fèi)烏瑞它系列，播種時(shí)間集中在10月底至11月初，施肥方式為一次性基施復(fù)合肥和雞糞有機(jī)肥，并覆蓋地膜。大部分馬鈴薯產(chǎn)量范圍為33.5～45.0 t/hm²，其中珠三角區(qū)域和惠東縣的平均產(chǎn)量分別高達(dá)到40.40 t/hm²和42.39 t/hm²。全省化肥投入量為2289 kg/hm²，其養(yǎng)分氮（N）、磷（P₂O₅）、鉀（K₂O）投入量分別為360 kg/hm²、288 kg/hm²、430 kg/hm²，N∶P₂O₅∶K₂O為1∶0.8∶1.19，與馬鈴薯配方施肥比[1∶0.53∶（1.46～1.95）]不符;有機(jī)肥平均投入量為8615 kg/hm²。綜上所述，廣東省馬鈴薯施肥方法不科學(xué)，化肥用量大，尤其是氮肥和磷肥投入過(guò)多，建議按照馬鈴薯需肥規(guī)律施肥，減少化肥投入，適當(dāng)增補(bǔ)鉀肥，增加有機(jī)肥，推廣水肥一體化技術(shù)，提高馬鈴薯產(chǎn)量和種植效益，最終達(dá)到節(jié)本增效和農(nóng)田可持續(xù)利用。

關(guān)鍵詞 ?廣東省;馬鈴薯;施肥;化肥;產(chǎn)量中圖分類號(hào)??S532??????文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼??A

Investigation and Strategies for Winter Potato Fertilization in Guangdong Province

LI Chengchen， AN Kang， SUO Haicui， LIU Xiaojin， LI Xiaobo^*

Crops Research Institute， Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Crops Genetic Improvement of Guangdong Province， Guangzhou， Guangdong 510640， China

Abstract ?In order to understand the current situation of fertilizer applying and the existing problems in production on the potato in Guangdong province in recent years， an investigation of 160 households of winter potato planting in Eastern， Western， Northern Guangdong， and the Pearl River Delta in Guangdong were conducted， analyzed and evaluated. Most varieties of winter potato were Favorita series in Guangdong Province， and the sowing time was from the end of October to the beginning of November. The fertilization method was basal application with compound fertilizer and organic manure， and covered with black mulch. The potato yield was ranged from 33.5 to 45.0 t/hm²， while the average yields in the Pearl River Delta region and Huidong County was up to 40.40 t/hm²and 42.39 t/hm²， respectively. The

chemical fertilizer application in the province was 2289 kg/hm²， and the rate of nutrient N， P₂O₅and K₂O was

360?kg/hm²， 288 kg/hm²and 430 kg/hm²， respectively， or the ratio of N：P₂O₅：K₂O was 1∶0.8∶1.19， which is not con -

sistent with the potato formula fertilization ratio [1∶0.53∶（1.46～1.95）]. The input of organic fertilizer was

8615?kg/hm². In summary， the fertilization method of the potato planting in Guangdong was not scientific， and the chemical fertilizer was applied too much， especially excessive nitrogen and phosphorus. It is suggested to reduce the input of chemical fertilizer， add potassium fertilizer appropriately， increase organic fertilizer， popularize water and fertilizer integration technology， improve potato yield and planting efficiency， and achieve cost-saving efficiency and sustainable use of farmland according to the law of potato fertilizer requirement.

Keywords ?Guangdong province; potato; applying fertilizer; chemical fertilizer; yield

DOI10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2019.10.020

馬鈴薯分布廣泛、適應(yīng)能力強(qiáng)、穩(wěn)定高產(chǎn)且營(yíng)養(yǎng)豐富，是繼水稻、玉米、小麥之后我國(guó)的第四大主糧作物^[1]。近年來(lái)，農(nóng)業(yè)部和廣東省農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村廳要求要充分利用廣東省的閑置稻田，擴(kuò)大馬鈴薯種植面積和產(chǎn)量^[2-5]。

在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中，農(nóng)田合理施肥是保證土壤肥力和馬鈴薯產(chǎn)量的重要環(huán)節(jié)之一。何翠翠等^[6]調(diào)查芒果施肥情況指出，海南島芒果主產(chǎn)區(qū)化學(xué)肥料N∶P₂O₅∶K₂O投入比為1∶0.53∶0.55，比例不科學(xué)，鉀肥投入量偏低。……