大壕
——2021帕查卡馬克大遺址公園競賽方案，秘魯利馬

朱文一

簡況

地點：利馬，秘魯

時間：2019年2月至4月

主辦：2021: Bicentennial Projects

項目：帕查卡馬克大遺址公園競賽

團隊：

主創建筑師：朱文一

成員：楊藝瑤，江昊懋，冉展

Facts

Location: Lima, Peru

Time: February—April 2019

Host: 2021: Bicentennial Projects

Program: Pachacamac Park Competition

Design Team

Chief Architect: ZHU Wenyi

Team Member: YANG Yiyao, JIANG Haomao, RAN Zhan

帕查卡馬克代表南美洲前印加文明，后被印加帝國征服于15世紀發展到頂峰，16世紀被西班牙破壞。帕查卡馬克大遺址公園位于秘魯首都利馬城南面，規模達到465公頃。這座曾經的行政、宗教和祭祀中心，依然呈現出宏大的氣勢。為了更好地保護大遺址，也為了其周邊城市街區良好的發展，秘魯文化部和利馬市政府組織了2021年雙百年計劃之帕查卡馬克大遺址公園設計國際競賽。朱文一工作室提交了“大壕”設計方案。

首先，大壕是壕溝的意思，即沿著大遺址公園邊界的線性緩沖地帶，以現狀博物館廣場為標高挖掘一條蜿蜒曲折的“π”形大壕溝（圖1，圖2）。這條大壕溝既消除了城市蔓延對大遺址的潛在威脅，又創造了開敞的地下綠色通道和廣場。大遺址分為南北兩個部分，南面為神殿、宮殿等大型建筑遺址以及寬闊的古道等，北面為尚未挖掘的陵墓等遺址。由此，大壕在東北角處上升至地面，并從北往南下沉至老泛美高速公路與遺址交匯處。

其次，“π”形大壕長度為4,800m，寬150m，深度從0～75m。在其西端和東端各設有出入口，與公交車站、大型停車場等公共設施緊密結合，使得大壕具備良好的可達性。在巨大的大壕空間里，設計了一座超大型線性綠植公園，大量的花草樹木為大遺址公園沙漠提供了綠色休閑場所。而沿“π”形大壕布置的給排水系統保證了綠植的生長。此外，多個紀念品商店、咖啡店、衛生間、保衛室和管理辦公室等公共服務設施穿插在綠植之間。

第三，借鑒帕查卡馬克建筑中的傳統色彩和圖案，大壕方案的鋪地和墻面設計體現出強烈的地域和歷史氛圍（圖3，圖4）。由于大壕與帕查卡馬克大遺址公園在空間上的隔絕，這樣的設計既不影響帕查卡馬克大遺址的完全保護，又為周邊居民提供了健康的活動空間，為來自世界各地的游客呈現了想象印加文明曾經之宏偉壯麗的空間。

大壕方案從一個側面探索了未來大遺址公園的新類型（圖5）。

圖1 / Figure 1“π”形大壕設計構思Concept of“ π-shaped”GRANDE FOSA

圖2 / Figure 2“π”形大壕設計方案Proposal of“ π-shaped”GRANDE FOSA

圖3 / Figure 3“π”型大壕開放空間Open spaces of " π - shaped" GRANDE FOSA

圖4 / Figure 4“π”形大壕西入口West entrance of“ π-shaped”GRANDE FOSA

Pachacamak represents the pre-Inca civilization of South America, and was later conquered and peaked by the Inca Empire in the 15th century.The Pachacamak Park is located on the south side of the Peruvian capital of Lima, with a size of 465 hectares. This former administrative, religious and ritual center still presents a grand momentum. In order to better protect the large sites and for the good development of the surrounding city blocks,the Ministry of Culture and the Lima Municipal Government organized the international competition for the design of the Pachacamak Park called as 2021: Bicentennial Projects. ZHUWENYI Atelier submitted the proposal “GRANDE FOSA”.

First of all, GRANDE FOSA is the meaning of the ditch, that is, a linear buffer zone along the boundary of the Pachacamak Park, and a meandering “π - shaped” gutter with the existing National Museum entrance square as the elevation (Figure 1, 2). This large ditch not only eliminates the potential threat of urban sprawl to large sites, but also creates open underground green passages and plazas. The large site is divided into two parts, the north and the south, the large temples such as shrines and palaces, and the wide ancient roads. The north is the unearthed tombs and other sites. As a result, GRANDE FOSA rose to the ground at the northeast corner and sank from north to south to the intersection of the old Pan American Expressway and the site.

Secondly, the “π - shaped” GRANDE FOSA has a length of 4,800m, a width of 150m and a depth of 0m to 75m. There are entrances and exits at the west and east ends, which are closely integrated with public facilities such as bus stations and large parking lots, which makes GRANDE FOSA have good accessibility. In the huge space, a super-large linear green plant park was designed, and a large number of fl owers and trees provided a green leisure place for the desert of the Pachacamak Park.The water supply and drainage system along the“π - shaped” large raft ensures the growth of green plants. In addition, a number of public service facilities such as souvenir shops, coffee shops, toilets,security rooms and management offices are interspersed between green plants.

Third, drawing on the traditional colors and patterns in the escavated buildings of Pachacamak site, the paving and wall design of GRANDE FOSA re fl ects a strong regional and historic atmosphere (Figure 3, 4). Due to the spatial isolation of GRANDE FOSA from the Pachacamak Park, this design does not affect the complete protection of the Pachacamac Site, but also provides a healthy space for the surrounding residents, for tourists from all over the world. It presents the magni fi cent space that imagined the Inca civilization.

The proposal GRANDE FOSA explores a new type of future Great Heritage Park from one side(Figure 5).