《木版年畫》（節(jié)選）與《黃桃古鎮(zhèn)》（節(jié)選）漢譯英

柏精

木版年畫

木版年畫是中國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)民間藝術(shù)形式， 有著一千多年的歷史。年畫中，門神的歷史最為悠久，早在漢代就已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了“守門將軍”的門神雛形。唐代以來佛經(jīng)版畫的興起、雕版技術(shù)的成熟和宋代市民文化的發(fā)展都大大促進(jìn)了木版年畫的繁榮;北宋時(shí)期出現(xiàn)了專門售賣年畫的“畫市”，當(dāng)時(shí)稱為“畫紙兒”;宋金時(shí)期，已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了“四美圖”這樣精美絕倫的木刻版畫，它是現(xiàn)存最早的木版畫。清代道光年間，李光庭在他所著的《鄉(xiāng)言解頤》一書中，正式提出了“年畫”一詞。從此，“年畫”就擁有了固定含義：即指木版彩色套印的、一年一換的年俗裝飾品。其工藝制作過程是：第一步：起稿，即繪出畫稿。過去一些有實(shí)力的畫店請(qǐng)著名畫家來繪制。第二步：刻版，即將畫稿的墨線稿粘貼在杜木或梨木上，刻工以刀刻線，? ?墨線版刻出后，再根據(jù)需要分出不同的顏色印版，稱為色版，有幾個(gè)顏色就要刻制幾塊色版。? ?第三步：印年畫。其過程是：先印墨線稿，再換不同色版套色印制。有的地方，在印后采用手繪和描金加強(qiáng)裝飾效果，個(gè)別的也采用手工填色方法或臉部、手部采用手工填色方法。

經(jīng)過近千年的發(fā)展，到了清代中晚期，民間年畫達(dá)到了鼎盛階段，不僅內(nèi)容包羅萬象，? 形式多種多樣，還出現(xiàn)了大大小小幾十個(gè)產(chǎn)地，其中著名的有：天津楊柳青、河北武強(qiáng)、山東 濰 坊 、 陜 西 鳳 翔 、 河 南 朱 仙 鎮(zhèn) 、 四 川 綿 竹 、 蘇 州 桃花塢、福建漳州、廣東佛山、湖南灘頭等地。清末民初年間，年畫的使用地區(qū)覆蓋了除西藏以外的全國(guó)各地，包括臺(tái)灣在內(nèi)。

Woodcut New Year Pictures

Woodcut New Year Pictures is a traditional Chinese folk art with a history of more than one thousand year. In the New Year paintings， the door god has the longest history. As early as in the Han Dynasty， the prototype of the door god has emerged.The prosperity of the Woodcut New Year Pictures should thank to the rise of Buddhist scriptures， and the maturity of engraving techniques in Tang Dynasty， as well as the development of civic culture in Song Dynasty . During the Northern Song Dynasty， the "painting market" has emerged to sell New Year pictures， which was then called "Painting? the Song and Jin Dynasty . During the Daoguang Period of the Qing Dynasty（1821-1850）， Li Guangting? proposed the term "new year pictures" in his book "my hometown". Since then， the Woodblock New Year picture referred to colored print decorations in New Year changing annually.The making the process of Woodcut New Year Pictures is as following： firstly， drawing the draft. In the past， some powerful painting shops invited famous painters to draw. Secondly， pasting the ink line draft on the dumu or pear wood， and engraving lines on the wood， then， the ink line templates are done. After that，according to the? needs to make the? different color templates. Thirdly， printing the ink line draft， then using the color template to print. After printing， the hand-painted and gold-plated ways are used to decorate the pictures，except these， the manual color filling way is also always used.

With the development of one thousand year， the folk new year pictures has reached its peak stage in the middle and late Qing Dynasty.? which were not rich in its contents， but also the forms and places. The famous places including Yangliuqing， Tianjin， Wuqiang， Hebei， Weifang， Shandong， Fengxiang， Shanxi ， Zhuxianzhen， Henan， Mianzhu， Sichuan， Taohuawu， Suzhou， Zhangzhou， Fujian and Foshan， Guangdong etc.During the late Qing dynasty and the early Republic of China， the paint were used all over the country except Tibet.