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平臺轉移技術對種植體周圍組織影響的Meta分析

2019-09-10 07:22:44王蕾劉延山柏娜劉杰
青島大學學報(醫學版) 2019年2期
關鍵詞:Meta分析

王蕾 劉延山 柏娜 劉杰

[摘要]目的系統評價分析平臺轉移(PS)技術對種植體邊緣骨吸收和牙周組織健康的影響。方法計算機檢索PubMed、Web of Science、Cochrane Central、CBM、CNKI、維普、萬方數據庫并以手工檢索為輔助,收集1992—2018年間國內外公開發表的PS與平臺匹配(PM)技術的隨機對照試驗。對所納入的文獻進行數據提取、質量評估,采用RevMan 5.3軟件進行Meta分析。結果共納入18篇文獻,643例病人,1 216枚種植體(616枚PS種植體,600枚PM種植體)。Meta分析顯示,PS組種植體邊緣骨吸收明顯少于PM組(MD=-0.28,95% CIS=-0.40~-0.16,P<0.01),探診深度明顯小于PM組(MD=-0.19,95% CIS=-0.29~-0.10,P<0.01)。結論現有的數據表明,PS技術與PM技術相比更有利于種植體周圍骨組織和軟組織的健康。

[關鍵詞]平臺轉移;平臺匹配;牙種植體;牙槽骨質丟失;牙周組織;Meta分析

[ABSTRACT]ObjectiveTo systematically evaluate the effect of platform switching (PS) on peri`-implant bone resorption and the health of periodontal tissue. MethodsPubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Central, CBM, CNKI, VIP, and Wanfang Data were searched by computer retrieval and supplementary manual retrieval for randomized controlled trials of PS versus platform matching (PM) published in China and abroad between 1992 and 2018. The quality of the included literature was evaluated, the data were extracted, and a Meta`-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software. ResultsA total of 1 216 implants (616 PS implants and 600 PM implants) from 643 patients in 18 articles were included. Meta`-analysis showed that the PS group had significantly less peri`-implant bone resorption and significantly smaller probing depth than the PM group (MD=-0.28 and -0.19,95% CIS=-0.40 to -0.16 and -0.29 to -0.10, respectively, both P<0.01). ConclusionExisting data show that PS is superior to PM in terms of their respective effect on the health of peri`-implant bone tissue and soft tissue.

[KEY WORDS]platform`-switching; platform`-matching; dental implants; alveolar bone loss; periodontium; Meta`-analysis

種植義齒具有美觀、舒適、咀嚼力強等優點,受到了廣大醫生和病人的青睞。然而,隨著種植手術的深入開展和廣泛普及,也暴露出一些問題,如種植體邊緣骨吸收。多種因素可造成種植體邊緣骨吸收,如種植的部位、種植體周圍骨的類型、手術的損傷、種植體的類型、種植體周圍炎、設計不當等[1`-3]。另外,粗糙的種植體表面更容易造成菌斑的堆積,導致種植體周圍炎和種植體周圍骨質的吸收,因此,保留種植體周圍的骨質已成為重中之重[4`-6]。20世紀90年代,LAZZARA等[7]偶然發現了基臺不匹配的種植體在影像學檢查中表現出更少的種植體邊緣骨吸收,隨即提出了平臺轉移(PS)的概念。已有研究表明,PS能夠有效減少炎癥的浸潤[8]。此外,PS通過將應力集中從密質骨轉移到松質骨,從頸部區域轉移到基牙界面的中心,可以減少種植體周圍頸部的壓力[9`-12]。近年來大量研究結果證實,PS技術在種植體邊緣骨保留方面存在一定的優勢[13`-18]。本文通過與傳統的平臺匹配(PM)技術進行比較,系統評價分析PS技術對種植體邊緣骨吸收和牙周組織健康的影響。現將結果報告如下。

1資料和方法

1.1文獻檢索

由兩名研究員分別獨立檢索PubMed、Web of Science、Cochrane Central、CBM、CNKI、維普和萬方數據庫。應用主題詞或自由詞,以“dental implants”、“platform`-switching”、“platform`-switched implant”、“oral implant”、“marginal bone loss”、“marginal bone preservation”、“probing depth”為英文檢索詞,以“平臺轉移”、“平臺匹配”、“種植體邊緣骨吸收”、“探診深度”為中文檢索詞,檢索1992—2018年所有發表的中英文文獻,根據納入和排除標準,篩選符合標準的文獻,如遇分歧,則由兩位研究員討論解決。

1.2文獻納入和排除標準

納入標準:①臨床隨機對照試驗研究;②病人年齡大于18歲;③病人心理健康;④隨訪時間至少為1年;⑤病人數量至少為10例;⑥病人在種植手術之前身體無任何炎癥反應。排除標準:①病人處于孕期或哺乳期;②動物實驗及非臨床隨機對照試驗研究;③隨訪時間不足1年;④病人有系統疾病;⑤數據不完整的文獻;⑥數據重復發表的文獻。

1.3文獻質量評價

由兩名研究員對所納入的文獻在分配方案、分配隱藏、盲法、對失訪的描述及統計處理這幾個方面,運用RevMan 5.3軟件按照質量評價標準進行嚴格的質量評估。若有分歧,則討論解決。

1.4統計學分析

采用Cochrane協作網提供的RevMan 5.3軟件進行統計學分析。用I2值判斷異質性,若I2≤50%則使用固定效應模型,反之則使用隨機效應模型進行Meta分析;使用漏斗圖對存在的發表偏倚進行分析。以P<0.05為差異具有統計學意義。

2結果

2.1納入文獻基本特征

初步篩選出文獻197篇,根據納入和排除標準,通過仔細閱讀題目、摘要和全文,初步排除文獻145篇,剩余52篇,進一步排除非嚴格的隨機對照試驗文章34篇,最終納入文獻18篇[19`-36]。18篇文獻中合計有643例病人,共1 216顆種植體,其中PS組616顆種植體,PM組600顆種植體。納入文獻的基本特征見表1。

2.2質量評價

納入的18篇文獻中有1篇文獻為低風險,6篇文獻為中度風險,其余11篇文獻為高度風險。

2.3異質性檢驗

納入的18篇文獻具有異質性(Chi2=547.45,P<0.01,I2=94%),故采用隨機效應模型進行 Meta分析。

2.4種植體邊緣骨吸收的Meta分析

Meta分析顯示,PS組種植體邊緣的骨吸收明顯少于PM組,差異有統計學意義(MD=-0.28,95% CIS=-0.40~-0.16,P<0.01),表明PS更有利于種植體邊緣骨保存。發表偏倚分析顯示,邊緣骨吸收的漏斗圖不對稱(圖1),提示文獻存在發表偏倚。為探討可能的異質性來源,本研究分別對種植體植入口腔后隨訪不同時間段(≤3個月、4~6個月、7~12個月、13~24個月、25~60個月)的種植體邊緣骨吸收情況進行亞組分析,結果顯示,在4~6個月和7~12個月這兩個時間段,兩組之間比較差異具有統計學意義(MD=-0.15、-0.40,P<0.01),而在其他時間段兩組比較差異均無統計學意義(P>0.05)。見圖2。

2.5探診深度的Meta分析

Meta分析顯示,PS組探診深度明顯小于PM組,差異有統計學意義(MD=-0.19,95% CIS=-0.29~-0.10,P<0.01),表明PS相對于PM更有利于種植體周圍牙周組織的健康。見圖3。發表偏倚分析顯示,探診深度的漏斗圖對稱(圖4)。

3討論

PS概念自提出以來,贏得了越來越多醫生的青睞,然而PS在種植體邊緣骨保留和牙周組織健康方面的影響還有待進一步探討。到目前為止,關于PS技術嚴格的臨床隨機對照試驗文獻相對來說還比較匱乏。本文根據納入和排除標準納入了18篇嚴格的臨床隨機對照試驗文獻,評價了種植體PS技術和PM技術對種植體邊緣骨吸收和探診深度的影響,Meta分析結果表明,PS技術更有利于種植體邊緣骨保存和牙周組織健康。

由于本文納入文獻的異質性較高,故我們根據隨訪的不同時間段進行亞組分析,結果表明,種植體植入口腔后4~6個月和7~12個月時,PS和PM技術在種植體邊緣骨保留方面差異有統計學意義,而在其他時間段兩種技術差異無統計學意義。骨組織是一種復雜的物質,其形成和生長是一個復雜的過程,并不是一蹴而就的,植入后骨組織發生一系列生理變化,成骨細胞形成骨組織,破骨細胞吸收骨組織。這兩種細胞在骨的發育和形成過程中起著協同作用,這就意味著理想的骨結合不可能在短時間內完成。就目前的研究結果而言,在種植體植入口腔后4~6個月和7~12個月,PS技術更有利于邊緣骨的保存。本文所納入的文獻在4~6個月和7~12個月這兩個隨訪階段的數量最多,更能說明PS技術有利于種植體邊緣骨保存。而在≤3個月時,PS組和PM組邊緣骨吸收差異無統計學意義。這種現象可能是由于種植體放置時間較短和種植體周圍骨組織重塑不明顯所致。此外,由于本文所納入的一些文獻沒有報告在3個月內骨吸收的變化,因此在此期間進行Meta分析的文章數量較少。所以今后需要更多追蹤此階段的文獻來對種植體邊緣骨吸收進行進一步的探討。當隨訪時間超過12個月時,PS組和PM組邊緣骨吸收差異也無統計學意義。推測可能是以下原因導致了這一現象:首先,由于隨訪時間相對較長,病人的依從性較差,一些有吸煙習慣的病人可能沒有嚴格遵循醫囑繼續吸煙,從而加速了種植體周圍的骨吸收;其次,在所納入的文獻中,追蹤時間超過1年的文獻相對較少;另外,一些學者認為種植體與基臺之間存在微間隙,種植體植入牙槽骨后,隨著時間的延長,口腔中的一些細菌可以通過微間隙進入種植體周圍,從而加速種植體邊緣骨吸收[37`-39]。但是總體來說,PS技術與PM技術相比更有利于種植體周圍骨的保存。

本文對探診深度Meta分析的結果顯示,兩組探診深度差異具有統計學意義,表明PS技術相對于PM技術來說更有利于種植體周圍軟組織的健康。但是,在本文所納入的18篇文獻中,并不是所有的文獻都對探診深度進行了測量,故今后需要收集更多高質量的文獻對這一方面進行進一步的研究和分析。

本研究嚴格遵循PRISMA聲明和PICO原則,根據納入和排除標準,選取了18篇可信度較高的臨床隨機對照試驗文獻,對種植體周圍的骨吸收狀況和探診深度進行Meta分析,結果表明PS技術相對于PM技術來說更有利于種植體周圍的骨保存和軟組織健康。然而,本文也存在一些缺陷,所納入的18篇文獻對種植體周圍骨的測量全都是間接測量,其結果會存在一定的誤差,所以測量方法有待于進一步優化。

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