李桂芳 原翔 劉怡文 馬名揚 孫江濤



[摘要] 目的 分析組蛋白去乙酰化酶SIRT1在非小細胞肺癌干細胞樣特性中的調控作用。 方法 通過流式細胞術在PC-9及PC-9-GR細胞系中檢測腫瘤干細胞比例;采用CCK8法檢測IC50;采用qPCR檢測SIRT1 mRNA表達;采用Western blot法檢測SIRT1蛋白表達;通過細胞懸浮克隆成球實驗檢測不同組的細胞成球能力。 結果 成功建立了耐藥細胞系PC-9-GR,PC-9-GR的IC50、ALDHbright腫瘤干細胞百分比、SIRT1蛋白表達以及SIRT1 mRNA表達均高于PC-9(P < 0.05);通過細胞懸浮克隆成球實驗發現PC-9-GR成球能力顯著高于PC-9(P < 0.05),應用吉非替尼后,其成球能力較對照組差異無統計學意義(P > 0.05);應用SIRT1特異性抑制劑TV6及雙藥聯合后,兩組細胞株的成球能力均顯著降低(P < 0.05)。 結論 非小細胞肺癌-酪氨酸激酶抑制劑獲得性耐藥的產生與酪氨酸激酶抑制劑藥物富集ALDH1+標記的腫瘤干細胞密切相關,而組蛋白去乙酰化酶SIRT1在維系這群腫瘤干細胞干性中發揮著重要作用,其抑制SIRT1對腫瘤干細胞的靶向,可能有助于延緩酪氨酸激酶抑制劑獲得性耐藥。
[關鍵詞] 非小細胞肺癌;受體酪氨酸激酶抑制劑;乙醛脫氫酶-1;SIRT1;腫瘤干細胞
[中圖分類號] R734.2? ? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-7210(2019)06(a)-0004-05
Regulation of SIRT1 in acquired resistance of TKIs in non-small cell lung cancer
LI Guifang1? ?YUAN Xiang2? ?LIU Yiwen2? ?MA Mingyang1? ?SUN Jiangtao3
1.First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of He′nan University of Science and Technology, He′nan Province, Luoyang? ?471003, China; 2.He′nan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics? Cancer Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of He′nan University of Science and Technology, He′nan Province, Luoyang? ?471003, China; 3.The First Affiliated Hospital of He′nan University of Science and Technology, He′nan Province, Luoyang? ?471003, China
[Abscract] Objective To analyze the regulation of histone deacetylase SIRT1 in stem cell-like properties of non-small cell lung cancer. Methods The percentage of tumor stem cells was detected by flow cytometry in PC-9 and PC-9-GR cell lines; IC50 was detected by CCK8; SIRT1 mRNA expression was detected by qPCR; SIRT1 protein expression was detected by Western blot; the experiments of cell suspension cloning into spheres was used to detect the capability of sphere-forming of different groups. Results The drug-resistant cell line PC-9-GR was successfully established. The IC50, ALDHbright tumor stem cell percentage, SIRT1 protein expression and SIRT1 mRNA expression of PC-9-GR were higher than those of PC-9 (P < 0.05). The experiments of cell suspension cloning into spheres found that PC-9-GR was significantly higher than PC-9 (P < 0.05), and the effect of PC-9-GR on the capability of sphere-forming was not statistically significant after the application of Gefitinib (P > 0.05). After the combination of SIRT1 specific inhibitor TV6 and double drug combination, the capability of sphere-forming of the two cell lines was significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusions Acquired resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer is closely related to the enrichment of ALDH1+ labeled cancer stem cells by tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Histone deacetylase SIRT1 plays an important role in maintaining the stem of these cancer stem cells. Its inhibition of SIRT1 targeting tumor stem cells may help delay the acquired resistance of tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
[Key words] Non-small cell lung cancer; Receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor; Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase-1; SIRT1; Cancer stem cells
肺癌是發病率和死亡率最高的惡性腫瘤之一。非小細胞肺癌(NSCLC)約占肺癌的80.4%[1]。以表皮生長因子受體酪氨酸酶抑制劑(EGFR-TKIs)為主的分子靶向治療為晚期NSCLC患者開啟了“希望之門”,但耐藥的產生使后續治療步履維艱。關于EGFR-TKIs獲得性耐藥機制的研究報道百花齊放,其中以EGFR T790M突變為主,但仍有30%的機制至今尚未被闡明。
腫瘤干細胞(cancer stem cells,CSCs)是存在于腫瘤中、具有高度自我更新和異常分化潛能的一小部分細胞亞群[2]。近年來,CSCs領域的研究處于蓬勃的上升態勢,并在肺癌成功分離、富集出了CSCs。乙醛脫氫酶-1(ALDH1)已被多個研究團隊證實為可作為NSCLC優選的干細胞標記物[3-9]。沉默信息調節因子1(SIRT1)是一種組蛋白去乙酰化酶,可以去乙酰化一系列組蛋白及非組蛋白底物。研究[10]表明,SRIT1在調節各種生物學功能,如衰老、代謝、DNA損傷以及腫瘤發生發展過程中發揮重要作用。
本研究應用肺癌細胞系,通過流式細胞術、Western blot、細胞懸浮克隆成球試驗等方法檢測SIRT1在NSCLC中的表達,并分析SIRT1異常表達對NSCLC干細胞樣特性的調控作用及意義。
1 材料與方法
1.1 細胞系的培養
細胞培養:選擇肺癌細胞系PC-9購自上海博古生物細胞所,用含有10%FBS(購自Gibco)的RPMI-1640培養基(購自Gibco)培養,放置37℃ 5%CO2的培養箱;2~3 d換液,傳代一次。
耐藥細胞系的建立:采用逐步誘導法。Gefitinib(購自selleck)濃度從5 nmol/L逐步增加至2 μmol/L,共培養6個月。將誘導成功的耐藥細胞命名為PC-9-GR。
1.2 CCK8法檢測IC50
將細胞接種到96孔培養板內,37℃ 5%CO2培養箱中過夜,再用不同濃度吉非替尼處理,根據說明書進行檢測。每個實驗至少獨立重復3次。
1.3 流式細胞術檢測
細胞計數后取適量細胞于流式管中,每個檢測管中加入適量Aldefluor緩沖液,對照管中加入維拉帕米(DEAB)溶液作為陰性對照,流式細胞儀上機檢測。所有樣品至少重復3次。
1.4 Western blot方法檢測SIRT1蛋白表達
將細胞收集后加入RIPA細胞裂解液(購自北京康為生物科技有限公司),冰上裂解,得到的上清即為細胞總蛋白。然后根據BCA試劑盒(購自北京康為生物科技有限公司)說明書進行檢測。其后進行電泳、轉膜,封閉,然后SIRT1(購自Abcam)一抗(1∶2000)及內參GAPDH抗體(購自北京康為生物科技有限公司)(1∶2000)4℃過夜,二抗(1∶2000)室溫孵育2 h,ECL顯影劑(購自北京康為生物科技有限公司)處理后于凝膠成像系統檢測目的蛋白條帶,利用Image J軟件檢測條帶灰度值。
1.5 QPCR檢測SIRT1 mRNA表達
采用Trizol法提取細胞的總RNA,并進行反轉錄合成cDNA。利用PubMed數據庫設計引物序列,SIRT1的上游引物為:5′-GCCTCATCTGCATTTTGATG-3′,下游引物為:5′-TCTGGCATGTCCCACTATCA-3′;GAPDH引物序列為:上游引物:5′-GCCACATCGCT-CAGACACC-3′,下游引物:5′-GATGGCAACAATAT-CCACTTTACC-3′。取反轉錄合成的cDNA進行qPCR,退火溫度為60℃,經40個循環擴增,計算2-ΔΔCt值。
1.6 細胞懸浮培養克隆成球能力檢測
將細胞分成不同組別,在不同組中加入一定量濃度的抑制劑及藥物,在培養的第3天更換培養基,持續培養約7 d,照相,對直徑>40 μm的次級細胞球進行計數。
1.7 統計學方法
采用SPSS 19.0統計學軟件進行數據分析,計量資料用均數±標準差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用配對樣本t檢驗;GrahPad Prism 5.0 統計繪圖軟件處理、分析數據、繪制圖形。以P < 0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 耐藥株與親本株形態學上的改變
在誘導細胞耐藥的過程中可以觀察到存活下來的耐藥株,其表現出與親代細胞系不同的形態,多不規則,核大,偽足增多。見圖1。
PC-9親本細胞未處理(左);2 μmol/L吉非替尼處理7 d(中);2 μmol/L吉非替尼處理20 d(右)
圖1? ?Gefitinib誘導過程中對細胞的影響(40×)
2.2 CCK8法檢測PC-9-GR耐藥株的建立
CCK8法檢測兩組細胞株的吉非替尼藥物IC50,結果顯示PC-9-GR顯著高于PC-9(P < 0.01)。見圖2。
2.3 PC-9及PC-9-GR細胞中ALDHbright CSCs百分比比較
采用Aldeflour?誖試劑盒及流式細胞儀進行檢測,結果PC-9-GR ALDHbright CSCs百分比顯著高于PC-9(P < 0.01)。見圖3。
2.4 兩組細胞株中SIRT1蛋白的表達情況比較
將兩組細胞消化后提取蛋白,經Western blot檢測SIRT1蛋白,并對蛋白灰度值進行定量分析,結果顯示PC-9-GR中SIRT1蛋白顯著高于PC-9(P < 0.01)。見圖4。
2.5 兩組細胞株中SIRT1 mRNA的表達情況
將兩組細胞消化后提取RNA,進行qPCR檢測,并進行定量分析,結果顯示PC-9-GR中SIRT1 mRNA顯著高于PC-9(P < 0.01)。見圖5。
圖5? ?兩組細胞株中SIRT1 mRNA的表達情況
2.6 SIRT1小分子抑制劑TV6逆轉PC-9-GR獲得性耐藥表型
分別采用TV6、吉非替尼、TV6聯合吉非替尼處理兩組細胞。PC-9-GR成球能力顯著高于PC-9(P < 0.05);PC-9用藥后,其成球能力均降低(P < 0.05);PC-9-GR應用吉非替尼后,其成球能力較對照組差異無統計學意義(P > 0.05);應用SIRT1特異性抑制劑TV6后,兩組細胞株的成球能力均較對照組明顯降低(P < 0.05);而PC-9-GR雙藥聯合后其成球能力較其對照組顯著降低(P < 0.05)。見圖6。
3 討論
對于肺癌,特別是EGFR優勢突變的患者對EGFR-TKI的反應良好,但最終會產生耐藥并屈服。多個研究團隊[8,11-19]已闡明其耐藥性的分子和生物學機制,如EGFR T790M突變、上皮細胞-間充質轉化(EMT)等,干細胞樣特性在肺癌的意義已經有所研究[7-9,15-21]。因此,本研究提出了科學假說,即TKI獲得性耐藥的產生與藥物本身富集CSCs有關。
藥物耐藥與腫瘤干細胞間的關系可能是復雜的。Shien等[11]報道EGFR獲得性耐藥與腫瘤干細胞樣特性相關。通過流式細胞儀檢測,本研究也表明吉非替尼耐藥細胞的ALDHbright比例顯著高于親本株。
SIRT1在腫瘤的發生、發展中起重要作用[10,20-21]。既往研究[22-23]發現急性髓細胞白血病干/祖細胞表現出SIRT1過表達和對抑制劑的敏感性。Zhang等[24]也觀察到多數AML樣本中SIRT1表達增加。但有研究[20,25]表明SIRT1具有抑制腫瘤生長的作用。Powell等[25]的研究表明,缺失SIRT1可誘導前列腺上皮內瘤變的發生。
本研究顯示,SIRT1在非小細胞肺癌腫瘤干細胞表型及自我更新中發揮重要調控作用,對于靶向CSCs有助于逆轉獲得性耐藥現象具有一定的意義。雖然TV6的藥理學性質可能不是藥物開發的合適候選者,但它可能是癌癥潛在治療的有用化合物。本研究結果也支持進一步調查Tenovin衍生物和其他抑制劑,以期延緩TKI治療的耐藥。
綜上所述,本研究發現,在PC-9-GR中,應用TV6抑制SIRT1特異性表達后,干細胞比例減少,成球能力下降。提示SIRT1在非小細胞肺癌CSCs表型、干細胞樣特性及自我更新中發揮重要調控作用。因此,抑制SIRT1對CSCs的靶向可能有助于延緩TKIs獲得性耐藥。
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