同異分析法對引進色稻在涼山州適應性評價

(西昌學院， 四川 西昌 615013)

色稻是特種稻中的一個大類，因花青素在果皮和種皮內(nèi)大量積累，使糙米呈現(xiàn)除淺白色外的各種色澤，常見的有綠色、黃褐色、褐色、咖啡色、紅色、紅褐色、紫紅色、紫黑色、烏黑色等顏色[1]。與白米比較，色米因其蛋白質(zhì)、氨基酸、多種微量元素及維生素和胡蘿卜素等含量豐富，具有較高的營養(yǎng)價值和經(jīng)濟價值，近年來越來越受到人們的關(guān)注。涼山州色稻種質(zhì)資源很少，且多數(shù)產(chǎn)量低，品質(zhì)欠佳，因而種植面積極少，遠遠不能滿足當?shù)叵M者對有色稻米的需求，市場上銷售的有色稻米絕大多數(shù)來自外地。為此，從多地引進色稻資源，希望從中篩選出綜合性狀優(yōu)良，適宜當?shù)胤N植的色稻品種，為發(fā)展有色稻生產(chǎn)提供品種(資源)保障。

同異分析法是郭瑞林等[2]在模糊綜合評判法、灰色多維綜合評估法和集對論的基礎(chǔ)上提出來的，他引入理想品種作為參照品種進行分析，結(jié)合產(chǎn)量和其他性狀對參試品種(系)進行綜合分析，計算參試品種與理想品種的聯(lián)系度，聯(lián)系度越大，表明該參試品種的綜合性狀與理想品種越接近，適應性越好。該評價方法科學、客觀、公正，且分析方法計算簡便，可對多個性狀進行綜合分析，已被廣泛運用于水稻、小麥、蕓豆、大豆、棉花、甘蔗、玉米、綠豆、向日葵等多個農(nóng)作物品種資源評價[3-12]，因此，采用同異分析法對引進的19個色稻品種資源和S 1種子輻射后系統(tǒng)選擇出的11個品系進行綜合評價，以期篩選出綜合性狀好的品種(系)，為涼山州有色稻生產(chǎn)進行資源儲備。

1 材料與方法

1.1 試驗材料與試驗方法

試驗材料均為外地引進的色稻，品種(系)代號分別為：S 1、S 4、S 8、S 19、S 23、S 26、S 27、S 32、S 34、S 37、S 39、S 40、S 41、S 43、S 44、S 48、S 59、S 66、S 68，以及S 1種子經(jīng)過輻射后經(jīng)系統(tǒng)選擇出的11個品系H 1、H 2、H 3、H 4、H 5、H 6、H 7、H 8、H 9、H 10、H 11，理想品種命名為H 0，權(quán)重值命名為Wg。

2016、2017年在西昌學院安寧鎮(zhèn)試驗基地種植，試驗田肥力適中，排灌方便，每品種(系)種植6 m2(3 m×2 m),移栽規(guī)格為20 cm×16.7 cm，即每個品種(系)栽10行，每行18穴，每穴2苗，不設對照，2次重復，品種(系)間間隔30 cm，重復間及四周設50 cm寬走道，外設1 m以上保護行。試驗過程中治蟲草不治病。

1.2 測定項目與測定方法

測定項目包括最高苗、有效穗、株高、莖桿粗細、抗病性、抗倒伏性、千粒重、產(chǎn)量、生育期、實粒數(shù)、結(jié)實率、糙米率、堿消值、色差和觀賞性等。

抗病性分為4個等級，即抗感、易感、中感、重感，依次賦予數(shù)值4、3、2、1。抗倒伏性分直、伏、倒，依次賦值為3、2、1。糙米率參照中華人民共和國國家標準GB/T5495-2008進行測定，堿消值參照農(nóng)業(yè)部標準NY147-88方法測定。

表1 引進有色稻各性狀數(shù)據(jù)值

品種生育期/d株高/cm莖稈直徑/mm抗倒伏性抗病性最高苗/10穴有效穗/10穴穗長/cm實粒數(shù)/粒結(jié)實率/%千粒重/g產(chǎn)量/[kg·(667m2)-1]糙米率/%觀賞性堿消值ΔES1153876.0341128818.082.3094.0025.8373.708431.770.5S4153866.3341228615.569.9793.3324.9299.678231.774.3S8153923.1241048015.972.2486.9524.4281.018422.734.1S19153786.0341443417.674.8990.5923.4118.838212.371.4S231531504.32412210418.2112.0587.8521.7504.537932.772.2S26153704.5341405817.026.8952.8420.864.797721.772.0S271531205.3141247017.830.9053.3725.2108.627212.370.7S32153746.33416810619.978.1186.9324.5404.777812.374.5S34153702.22415612617.977.6488.5419.5380.977921.745.6S37153433.1241329816.948.8485.2824.7236.277111.847.5S391531203.0241108418.259.1887.9420.5203.508321.850.2S40165951.9241506616.651.6588.0122.4152.508421.258.0S411711172.12420010618.663.4089.3023.4314.048042.348.6S431631382.6141727218.645.5478.3822.2145.587642.345.4S44153925.424927211.841.2743.7425.2149.768231.538.2S481531356.634887218.260.7086.4521.5187.668212.551.6S59153944.3241308814.667.4490.1823.5278.937031.368.1S661531386.5141526215.349.8557.6324.2149.598411.853.7S68171851.9141286116.442.8880.5820.2105.675011.555.3H1163855.2341188217.261.2175.6223.7237.568222.854.0H2163784.23412810617.064.4471.9825.2343.758131.064.4H3163803.1341207214.767.4593.3226.4256.038122.075.5H4163843.7341289415.169.4890.8522.7296.078231.075.9H5163903.8241105414.967.8890.9524.5179.338222.371.8H6163653.0341568816.079.0782.5220.4283.477811.866.4H7163893.2341087615.457.0489.7223.9206.898111.871.0H8163903.63413010215.073.4192.1325.7384.298222.369.1H9163883.13413210815.659.8192.2422.3287.648312.772.1H10163883.8242347213.562.0885.1425.8230.318421.744.0H11163804.024926017.566.5986.5523.6188.298312.370.1

注：堿消值是用糙米測定的。

色差分析方法：用CR-10色彩色差儀測量得到ΔE、ΔL、Δa、Δb。ΔE表示樣品的總色差；L代表亮度軸，0為黑色，100為白色；a代表紅綠軸，正值為紅色，負值為綠色，0為中性色；b代表黃藍軸，正值為黃色，負值為藍色，0為中性色。為了方便分析，只取ΔE做為分析指標。通過分析儀得到的數(shù)值是表示試樣與標樣的顏色差異，以白紙為標樣。

觀賞性分析方法：由參與本研究的成員綜合各品種在整個生育期間的葉色、穎色、穗形、芒色芒形、植株形態(tài)等進行評定，分為強、中、弱和無等四級，依次賦予數(shù)值4、3、2、1。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 各品種性狀數(shù)據(jù)值

將2年所測性狀數(shù)據(jù)取平均值列于表1。

2.2 構(gòu)建理想品種并賦予各性狀權(quán)重

同異分析法的原理是根據(jù)各個參試品種性狀的綜合值與理想品種的接近程度來評價其優(yōu)劣[6]，因此應先確定理想品種各個性狀值。根據(jù)消費者對有色稻品質(zhì)的要求，理想品種的糙米率、ΔE、長寬比、堿消值、抗倒伏性、抗病性、莖稈直徑、有效穗、千粒重、產(chǎn)量、穗長、實粒數(shù)、結(jié)實率的值越大越好；生育期、株高、最高苗的值適中就好。根據(jù)同異分析法的計算原理，理想品種的各個性狀值由參試品種的單個最優(yōu)性狀來確定。記第K個性狀的理想值為Xok，理想品種的各個性狀值列于表2。根據(jù)中國農(nóng)業(yè)部標準米質(zhì)的要求，以及結(jié)合當?shù)氐纳a(chǎn)條件、實踐檢驗來確定各性狀的權(quán)重值，用Wg來表示，見表2。

2.3 計算參試品種每個性狀與理想品種對應性狀的同一度

根據(jù)同一度的計算原理[6-7]，理想品種性狀值選擇要求不同，參試品種各個性狀值Xgk與理想品種對應性狀值Xok的同一度Agk計算公式不同，分別如下：

表2 構(gòu)建的理想有色稻性狀數(shù)據(jù)以及賦予的權(quán)重值

品種生育期/d株高/cm莖稈直徑/mm抗倒伏性抗病性最高苗/10穴有效穗/10穴穗長/cm實粒數(shù)/粒結(jié)實率/%千粒重/g產(chǎn)量/[kg·(667m2)-1]糙米率/%觀賞性堿消值ΔEH0160856.63415012619.9112.0594.026.4504.538442.775.9Wg0.050.050.050.060.060.040.070.050.070.070.080.090.050.060.050.10

表3 引進有色稻各性狀值與理想品種相應性狀的同一度

品種生育期株高莖稈直徑抗倒伏性抗病性最高苗有效穗穗長實粒數(shù)結(jié)實率千粒重產(chǎn)量糙米率觀賞性堿消值ΔES10.95810.97700.90911.00001.00000.79790.69840.90450.73451.00000.97730.74071.00000.71960.62960.9289S40.95810.98840.95451.00001.00000.84270.68250.77890.62450.99290.94320.59400.97620.80810.62960.9789S80.95810.92390.46970.66671.00000.76530.63490.79900.64470.92500.92420.55701.00000.62731.00000.4493S190.95810.92390.90911.00001.00000.96150.26980.88440.66840.96370.88640.23550.97620.69740.85190.9407S230.95810.56670.65150.66671.00000.84270.82540.91461.00000.93460.82201.00000.94051.00001.00000.9513S260.95810.85000.68181.00001.00000.93750.46030.85430.24000.56210.78790.12840.91670.82290.62960.9486S270.95810.70830.80300.33331.00000.85230.55560.89450.27580.56780.95450.21530.85710.76010.85190.9315S320.95810.88540.95451.00001.00000.89290.84131.00000.69710.92480.92800.80230.92860.95940.85190.9816S340.95810.85000.33330.66671.00000.96151.00000.89950.69290.94190.73860.75510.94050.83030.62960.6008S370.95810.66930.46970.66671.00000.89290.77780.84920.43590.00910.93560.46830.84520.35420.66670.6258S390.95810.70830.45450.66671.00000.78950.66670.91460.52820.93550.77650.40330.98810.59780.66670.6614S400.96970.89470.28790.66671.00001.00000.52380.83420.46100.93630.84850.30231.00000.67530.44440.7642S410.93570.72650.31820.66671.00000.75000.84130.93470.56580.95000.88640.62240.95240.66420.85190.6403S430.98160.61590.39390.33331.00000.87210.57140.93470.40640.83380.84090.28850.90480.59410.85190.5982S440.95810.92390.81820.66671.00000.72120.57140.59300.36830.46530.95450.29680.97620.59040.55560.5033S480.95810.62961.00001.00001.00000.70750.57140.91460.54170.91970.81440.37200.97620.83390.92590.6798S590.95810.90430.65150.66671.00000.88240.69840.73370.60190.95940.89020.55290.83330.64580.48150.8972S660.95810.61590.98480.33331.00000.98680.49210.76880.44490.61310.91670.29651.00000.71960.66670.7075S680.93571.00000.28790.33331.00000.87210.48410.82410.38270.85720.76520.20940.59520.61620.55560.7286H10.98161.00000.78791.00001.00000.82420.65080.86430.54630.80450.89770.47090.97620.77121.03700.7115H20.98160.92390.63641.00001.00000.87210.84130.85430.57510.76570.95450.68130.96430.65310.37040.8485H30.98160.94440.46971.00001.00000.83330.57140.73870.60200.99281.00000.50750.96430.61250.74070.9947H40.98160.98840.56061.00001.00000.87210.74600.75880.62010.96650.85980.58680.97620.60890.37041.0000H50.98160.94440.57580.66671.00000.78950.42860.74870.60580.96760.92800.35540.97620.62730.85190.9460H60.98160.80950.45451.00001.00000.96150.69840.80400.70570.87790.77270.56180.92860.72690.66670.8748H70.98160.95510.48481.00001.00000.78130.60320.77390.50910.95450.90530.41010.96430.72690.66670.9354H80.98160.94440.54551.00001.00000.88240.80950.75380.65520.98010.97350.76170.97620.67900.85190.9104H90.98160.96590.46971.00001.00000.89290.85710.78390.53380.98130.84470.57010.98810.66421.00000.9499H100.98160.96590.57580.66671.00000.64100.57140.67840.55400.90570.97730.45651.00000.69000.62960.5797H110.98160.94440.60610.66671.00000.72120.47620.87940.59430.92070.89390.37320.98810.74910.85190.9236

Agk=Xgk/Xok(適合于理想值越大越好的性狀，g=1,2,......n；k=1,2,......m)；

Agk=Xok/Xgk(適合于理想值越小越好的性狀)；

Agk=Xok/(Xok+|Xok-Xgk|)(適合于理想值適中的性狀)。

各性狀與理想品種相應性狀的同一度列于表3。

2.4 計算各被評價品種與理想品種的綜合同一度

在計算出各性狀值與理想品種相應性狀的同一度基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合各個性狀的權(quán)重值W，計算出各性狀的加權(quán)同一度Agk×Wg(表4),最后計算出被評價品種的綜合同一度Ag(表5)。計算公式為：

Ag=∑Agk×Wg(g=1,2,......n;k=1,2,......m)。

2.5 計算各品種和理想品種的聯(lián)系度

聯(lián)系度用μ(w)來表示。計算公式為：

μ(w)=a+bj[8]。

式中，a為各品種的綜合同一度，其值等于Ag；b為差異度，其值等于1-a；j在試驗中一般取值為-1[8]。最后根據(jù)聯(lián)系度，對參試品種進行綜合評價，并規(guī)定最終評語集合U=(優(yōu)良，較好，一般，差)(表5)。

根據(jù)同異分析法的原理，參試品種與理想品種聯(lián)系度的大小反映的是引進有色稻品種性狀的優(yōu)劣程度，即聯(lián)系度越大，該品種各性狀與理想品種對應的接近程度越高[12]，說明該有色稻品種(系)在當?shù)氐倪m應性越好。

以引進有色稻品種(系)與理想品種的聯(lián)系度作為評價其優(yōu)劣的標準，規(guī)定μ≥0.70的品種評價為優(yōu)良；0.60≤μ<0.70的品種評價為較好；0.50≤μ<0.60的品種評價為一般；μ<0.51的品種評價為差。由此可知S 23、S 1、S 32、S 4、H 8這5個品種(系)表現(xiàn)為優(yōu)良，H 4、H 2、H 9、H 3、S 41、H 1等6個品種(系)表現(xiàn)較好，S 59、S 34、S 19、H 6、H 5、H 7、S 8、H 11等8個品種(系)表現(xiàn)一般，S 48、H 10、S 39、S 43、S 40、S 26、S 44、S 27、S 66、S 37、S 68等11個品種(系)表現(xiàn)差。

表4 各性狀的加權(quán)同一度

品種生育期株高莖稈直徑抗倒伏性抗病性最高苗有效穗穗長實粒數(shù)結(jié)實率千粒重產(chǎn)量糙米率觀賞性堿消值ΔES10.04790.04890.04550.06000.06000.03190.04890.04520.05140.07000.07820.06670.05000.06640.03150.0929S40.04790.04940.04770.06000.06000.03370.04780.03890.04370.06950.07550.05350.04880.06640.03150.0979S80.04790.04620.02350.04000.06000.03060.04440.03990.04510.06480.07390.05010.05000.04430.05000.0449S190.04790.04620.04550.06000.06000.03850.01890.04420.04680.06750.07090.02120.04880.02210.04260.0941S230.04790.02830.03260.04000.06000.03370.05780.04570.07000.06540.06580.09000.04700.06640.05000.0951S260.04790.04250.03410.06000.06000.03750.03220.04270.01680.03930.06300.01160.04580.04430.03150.0949S270.04790.03540.04020.02000.06000.03410.03890.04470.01930.03970.07640.01940.04290.02210.04260.0931S320.04790.04430.04770.06000.06000.03570.05890.05000.04880.06470.07420.07220.04640.02210.04260.0982S340.04790.04250.01670.04000.06000.03850.07000.04500.04850.06590.05910.06800.04700.04430.03150.0601S370.04790.03350.02350.04000.06000.03570.05440.04250.03050.00060.07480.04210.04230.02210.03330.0626S390.04790.03540.02270.04000.06000.03160.04670.04570.03700.06550.06210.03630.04940.04430.03330.0661S400.04850.04470.01440.04000.06000.04000.03670.04170.03230.06550.06790.02720.05000.04430.02220.0764S410.04680.03630.01590.04000.06000.03000.05890.04670.03960.06650.07090.05600.04760.08860.04260.0640S430.04910.03080.01970.02000.06000.03490.04000.04670.02840.05840.06730.02600.04520.08860.04260.0598S440.04790.04620.04090.04000.06000.02880.04000.02960.02580.03260.07640.02670.04880.06640.02780.0503S480.04790.03150.05000.06000.06000.02830.04000.04570.03790.06440.06520.03350.04880.02210.04630.0680S590.04790.04520.03260.04000.06000.03530.04890.03670.04210.06720.07120.04980.04170.06640.02410.0897S660.04790.03080.04920.02000.06000.03950.03440.03840.03110.04290.07330.02670.05000.02210.03330.0708S680.04680.05000.01440.02000.06000.03490.03390.04120.02680.06000.06120.01880.02980.02210.02780.0729H10.04910.05000.03940.06000.06000.03300.04560.04320.03820.05630.07180.04240.04880.04430.05190.0711H20.04910.04620.03180.06000.06000.03490.05890.04270.04030.05360.07640.06130.04820.06640.01850.0848H30.04910.04720.02350.06000.06000.03330.04000.03690.04210.06950.08000.04570.04820.04430.03700.0995H40.04910.04940.02800.06000.06000.03490.05220.03790.04340.06770.06880.05280.04880.06640.01850.1000H50.04910.04720.02880.04000.06000.03160.03000.03740.04240.06770.07420.03200.04880.04430.04260.0946H60.04910.04050.02270.06000.06000.03850.04890.04020.04940.06150.06180.05060.04640.02210.03330.0875H70.04910.04780.02420.06000.06000.03130.04220.03870.03560.06680.07240.03690.04820.02210.03330.0935H80.04910.04720.02730.06000.06000.03530.05670.03770.04590.06860.07790.06860.04880.04430.04260.0910H90.04910.04830.02350.06000.06000.03570.06000.03920.03740.06870.06760.05130.04940.02210.05000.0950H100.04910.04830.02880.04000.06000.02560.04000.03390.03880.06340.07820.04110.05000.04430.03150.0580H110.04910.04720.03030.04000.06000.02880.03330.04400.04160.06450.07150.03360.04940.02210.04260.0924

表5 引進有色稻同異分析結(jié)果

品種綜合同一度Ag差異度b聯(lián)系度μ同異分析位次評語品種綜合同一度Ag差異度b聯(lián)系度μ同異分析位次評語S10.89530.10470.79062優(yōu)良S480.74960.25040.499120差S40.87220.12780.74444優(yōu)良S590.79870.20130.597412一般S80.75570.24430.511518一般S660.67060.32940.341228差S190.77510.22490.550214一般S680.62060.37940.241130差S230.89580.10420.79151優(yōu)良H10.80500.19500.610111較好S260.70410.29590.408225差H20.83310.16690.66627較好S270.67670.32330.353427差H30.81640.18360.63279較好S320.87380.12620.74763優(yōu)良H40.83800.16200.67606較好S340.78490.21510.569713一般H50.77080.22920.541516一般S370.64590.35410.291929差H60.77250.22750.544915一般S390.72410.27590.448122差H70.76220.23780.524517一般S400.71180.28820.423624差H80.86080.13920.72175優(yōu)良S410.81050.18950.621010較好H90.81720.18280.63458較好S430.71750.28250.434923差H100.73090.26910.461821差S440.68830.31170.376526差H110.75040.24960.500819一般

3 結(jié)論與討論

通過對16個性狀的逐一分析和同異分析，在30個引進的有色品種(系)中，S 23、S 1、S 32、S 4和H 8等5個品種(系)糙米色澤濃，產(chǎn)量相對較高，抗病性強，生育期較適宜，綜合性狀表現(xiàn)優(yōu)良，可在適宜地區(qū)進行品比試驗和生產(chǎn)試驗，S 4屬黑粳糯(圖1)，色澤黑亮，食味好，利用途徑更多；S 23有粉紅色的中芒(圖2)，S 1和S 4葉色綠底紫斑(圖3、圖4)，葉緣紫黑色，具有較好的觀賞價值。表現(xiàn)較好的6個品種中，H 3、H 4、H 9色澤烏黑，著色均勻，H 2、H 3產(chǎn)量較好，且籽粒較大，可在適應地區(qū)種植；S 41為紅色中長-長芒(圖5)，穎色由綠逐漸變?yōu)樯詈郑诔樗霌P花-灌漿前期具有很好的觀賞性。表現(xiàn)一般的品種中，S 59葉色為紫色(圖6)，并隨著生長由紫向綠過渡，與表現(xiàn)較差的品種中的S 43具有紫黑色的長芒和紫黑色的穎殼(圖7)，色黑有光澤，具有較高的觀賞價值，可應用于觀光農(nóng)業(yè)；其他表現(xiàn)一般的品種需再進一步觀察，剩下表現(xiàn)較差的品種可直接淘汰。

采用同異分析法，對理想品種各個性狀值的正確構(gòu)建至關(guān)重要。本研究中，理想品種的每個性狀值是根據(jù)引種目標和實踐經(jīng)驗以及參試品種中的最優(yōu)值來確定的。優(yōu)良性狀值既能反映引種的期望，又不脫離這些引進有色稻品種的實際表現(xiàn)，因此各參試品種與理想品種之間并不是互不關(guān)聯(lián)的，并且參試品種與理想品種的同異聯(lián)系度的高低不影響各參試品種之間的比較。利用同異分析法對有色稻的適應性進行評價，避免了僅根據(jù)參試品種的產(chǎn)量或抗病性、稻米色澤等單一性狀來評價其品種優(yōu)劣的主觀性，而是通過參試品種的多個性狀值來進行綜合評價，結(jié)果更客觀。對于分析性狀的選擇上，本研究還加入了水稻的觀賞性狀，這是為了契合國家提出的發(fā)展鄉(xiāng)村旅游和觀光農(nóng)業(yè)的需要，發(fā)揮有色稻在農(nóng)田自然景觀中的作用。