郝磊 聶玉弟 韓曉偉 鐘秉樞
摘 要:復(fù)合式訓(xùn)練是利用激活后增強(qiáng)效應(yīng)提高肌肉力量和爆發(fā)力的訓(xùn)練方法。通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)探索復(fù)合式訓(xùn)練提高跳水運(yùn)動(dòng)員下肢爆發(fā)力的效果,闡述實(shí)施復(fù)合式訓(xùn)練的要點(diǎn)。方法:采用復(fù)合式訓(xùn)練對(duì)上海跳水隊(duì)6名運(yùn)動(dòng)員進(jìn)行10周、20次的下肢爆發(fā)力干預(yù),使用Gym Aware功率測(cè)試系統(tǒng)測(cè)量訓(xùn)練前后1/4背蹲跳的峰值功率和相對(duì)峰值功率,使用軟尺測(cè)量訓(xùn)練前后屈身跳上跳箱的高度,對(duì)相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析。結(jié)果:受測(cè)者的峰值功率、相對(duì)峰值功率、屈身跳上跳箱的高度均有顯著性提高(P<0.01),部分自選動(dòng)作得分提高。結(jié)論:1)科學(xué)的復(fù)合式訓(xùn)練方案可以顯著提高下肢的爆發(fā)力水平;2)提出跳水專項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)員下肢爆發(fā)力的復(fù)合式訓(xùn)練方案,動(dòng)作選擇、組合結(jié)構(gòu)特征、負(fù)荷特征是訓(xùn)練的關(guān)鍵。
關(guān)鍵詞:跳水;復(fù)合式訓(xùn)練;爆發(fā)力訓(xùn)練;激活后增強(qiáng)效應(yīng)
中圖分類號(hào):G 808.1 學(xué)科代碼:040303 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A
Abstract:Compound training is a kind of training method to improve muscle strength and power by using the post-activation potentiation. This paper explores the effect of compound training on improving the power of lower limbs of divers through experiments, and analyzes the key points of compound training. Methods: The power of lower limbs of 6 athletes of Shanghai diving team was intervened for 10 weeks and 20 times with compound training. The peak power and relative peak power of 1/4 back squat jump before and after training were measured with the power test system of Gym Aware. The height of box jump before and after training was measured with the soft tape, and the relevant data were analyzed. Results: The peak power, relative peak power and the height of box jump of subjects were significantly increased (P<0.01), and the scores of some optional movement are improved. Conclusions: 1) Scientific compound training plan can significantly improve the power level of lower limbs; and 2) It is proposed that the compound training plan for diver's lower limbs power, movement selection, combination characteristics and load feature are the key points of training.
Keywords:diving; compound training; power training; post-activation potentiation
競(jìng)技跳水是我國(guó)優(yōu)勢(shì)競(jìng)技運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目,比賽分為10 m跳臺(tái)跳水和3 m跳板跳水,是以運(yùn)動(dòng)員完成動(dòng)作的難度和質(zhì)量為評(píng)判標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行評(píng)分。復(fù)合式訓(xùn)練(CT)是一種提高肌肉力量和爆發(fā)力的訓(xùn)練方法,是在同一訓(xùn)練單元中將抗阻練習(xí)與增強(qiáng)式練習(xí)(也稱超等長(zhǎng)練習(xí)、快速伸縮復(fù)合練習(xí))或爆發(fā)性練習(xí)結(jié)合實(shí)施,以提高運(yùn)動(dòng)員的力量和爆發(fā)力[1]。最早的研究是針對(duì)高水平田徑運(yùn)動(dòng)員的“速度-力量”訓(xùn)練[2]。本文以上海跳水隊(duì)6名運(yùn)動(dòng)員的下肢爆發(fā)力訓(xùn)練為實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象,通過(guò)對(duì)復(fù)合式訓(xùn)練對(duì)競(jìng)技跳水運(yùn)動(dòng)員下肢爆發(fā)力和專項(xiàng)成績(jī)的影響進(jìn)行研究,分析了復(fù)合式訓(xùn)練的生理學(xué)機(jī)制、組合結(jié)構(gòu)、負(fù)荷特征等。本研究的訓(xùn)練方法也可以在調(diào)整后運(yùn)用于需要爆發(fā)力支撐的運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目,在競(jìng)技體育訓(xùn)練實(shí)踐中具有一定參考價(jià)值。
1 研究方法
1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)法
1.1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象
實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象為參加2017年全國(guó)第13屆運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)跳水比賽的上海跳水隊(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)員6人,見(jiàn)表1。實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為:曾取得世界級(jí)比賽前6名、全國(guó)比賽前3名,參訓(xùn)年限較長(zhǎng)且無(wú)運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷,熟知增強(qiáng)式力量練習(xí)的跳水運(yùn)動(dòng)員。實(shí)驗(yàn)前,經(jīng)過(guò)力量測(cè)試和訓(xùn)練干預(yù),受試者已經(jīng)具備能夠完成大于自身體質(zhì)量1~1.5倍的1/4杠鈴背蹲的力量水平和較好的跳躍技術(shù)。經(jīng)過(guò)功能性動(dòng)作篩查(FMS)和動(dòng)作矯正后,其FMS分值為18~20分,表明受試者具備良好的功能性動(dòng)作。經(jīng)過(guò)肌肉張力測(cè)試,個(gè)別受試者存在局部肌肉緊張的現(xiàn)象,肌肉緊張緩解后得到較高的肌張力水平。以上表明,受試者在實(shí)施本實(shí)驗(yàn)前已經(jīng)具備良好的力量水平、跳躍技術(shù)水平、功能性動(dòng)作和肌張力水平,機(jī)體能夠承受大強(qiáng)度的力量和爆發(fā)力訓(xùn)練。
1.1.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)方案
1)實(shí)驗(yàn)周期 。本實(shí)驗(yàn)每周進(jìn)行2次,共進(jìn)行20次,均采用復(fù)合式訓(xùn)練法對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練干預(yù)。
2)練習(xí)動(dòng)作選擇和負(fù)荷設(shè)定的依據(jù)。在選擇練習(xí)動(dòng)作方面:根據(jù)體能訓(xùn)練動(dòng)作與競(jìng)技跳水專項(xiàng)動(dòng)作的相似性,采用和跳水起跳動(dòng)作相似的蹲起、垂直跳、屈身跳等動(dòng)作為復(fù)合式訓(xùn)練的練習(xí)動(dòng)作[3]。
首都體育學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)2019年2期