唐群杰 葉偉標 方建勤 黃廣用 鄭建宇
[摘要]目的 比較在肥胖患者上肢手術中應用盲探法、神經刺激儀引導法、超聲引導法以及超聲聯合神經刺激儀引導法進行肌間溝臂叢神經阻滯的效果。方法 選取2017年1~12月在廣東佛山市三水區人民醫院進行擇期上肢手術的120例肥胖患者作為研究對象,采用隨機數字表法將其分為A、B、C、D組,每組各30例。A組患者采用傳統的解剖定位尋找異感法(盲探法),B組患者采用神經刺激儀引導法,C組患者采用超聲可視下阻滯法,D組患者采用超聲聯合神經刺激儀行臂叢阻滯。比較四組患者的完成阻滯所需時間、感覺神經阻滯起效時間、阻滯完善效果及并發癥總發生率。結果 B、C、D組患者完成阻滯所需時間均顯著短于A組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05);C、D組患者完成阻滯所需時間均顯著短于B組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05);D組患者完成阻滯所需時間顯著短于C組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。B、C、D組患者的感覺神經阻滯起效時間均顯著短于A組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05);B、C、D組患者的感覺神經阻滯起效時間比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。B、C、D組患者的神經阻滯完善效果均優于A組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05);C、D組患者的的神經阻滯完善效果均優于B組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05);D組患者的的神經阻滯完善效果優于C組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。B、C、D組患者的并發癥總發生率均顯著低于A組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05);B、C組患者的并發癥總發生率比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05);D組患者的并發癥總發生率顯著低于B、C組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。結論 與傳統盲探法比較,超聲引導法在肥胖患者上肢手術的肌間溝臂叢神經阻滯中具有完成操作時間短、阻滯起效時間短、阻滯完善率高和并發癥發生率低等優勢。超聲聯合神經刺激儀可進一步擴大優勢。
[關鍵詞]肌間溝臂叢神經阻滯;肥胖患者;超聲引導法;盲探法;神經刺激儀引導法
[中圖分類號] R614? ? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1674-4721(2019)2(c)-0081-05
[Abstract] Objective To compare the application effect of blind probe method, nerve stimulator guidance method, ultrasonic guidance method and ultrasound combined with nerve stimulator guidance method for the intermuscular sulcus brachial plexus block in the upper limb surgery for obese patients. Methods A total of 120 obese patients who underwent elective upper extremity surgery in Foshan Sanshui District People′s Hospital of Guangdong Province from January to December 2017 were selected as sudy subjects. They were divided into A, B, C and D groups according to the random number table method, 30 cases in each group. Traditional anatomical localization to find the heterosexual method (blind probe method) was used in group A, nerve stimulator guidance method was used in group B, ultrasonic guidance method was used in group C, and ultrasound combined with nerve stimulator guidance method was used in group D. The operation completed time for nerve block, the onset time of sensory nerve block, the block improvement effect, and total incidence rate of complications were compared among the four groups. Results The operation completed time for nerve block in group B, C, and D was significantly shorter than that in group A, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The operation completed time for nerve block in group C and D was significantly shorter than that in group B, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The operation completed time for nerve block in group D was significantly shorter than that in group C, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The onset time of sensory nerve block in group B, C, and D was significantly shorter than that in group A, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the onset time of sensory nerve block among the B, C, and D groups (P>0.05). The block improvement effect in group B, C and D was better than that that in group A, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The block improvement effect in group C and D was significantly better than that that in group B, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The block improvement effect in group D was better than that that in group C, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The total incidence rate of complications in group B, C and D was significantly lower than that that in group A, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the total incidence rate of complications between the group B and group C (P>0.05). The total incidence rate of complications in group D was significantly lower than that in group B and C, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion Compared with the blind probe method, the ultrasonic guidance method has the advantages of short operation time, short block effect time, high blockade improvement rate and low complication rate in the intermuscular sulcus brachial plexus block of the upper limb surgery for obese patients. The ultrasound combined with nerve stimulator guidance method can further expand the advantages.
[Key words] Intermuscular sulcus brachial plexus block; Obese patients; Ultrasonic guidance method; Blind probe method; Nerve stimulator guidance method
肌間溝臂叢神經阻滯是上肢手術患者一種常用的麻醉技術[1]。肌間溝臂叢神經阻滯的操作區域位于患者的頸部位,臨床上多數患者神經阻滯操作區域解剖定位簡單,通過尋找異感定位的“盲探法”即可快速方便實現肌間溝臂叢神經阻滯操作區域的定位[2]。但部分肥胖患者的頸部肌肉和脂肪組織增多,肌間溝解剖部位不清,通過尋找異感定位臂叢神經位置難度加大,傳統盲探法使用效果不佳[3]。目前臨床上實現肥胖患者肌間溝臂叢神經阻滯的方法除“盲探法”外,還有神經刺激儀引導法[4]、超聲引導法[5]以及超聲聯合神經刺激儀引導法[6]等。本研究選取在廣東佛山市三水區人民醫院進行擇期上肢手術的120例肥胖患者[30 kg/m2<體重指數(BMI)≤35 kg/m2]作為研究對象,旨在比較在肥胖患者上肢手術中應用盲探法、神經刺激儀引導法、超聲引導法以及超聲聯合神經刺激儀引導法進行肌間溝臂叢神經阻滯的效果,現報道如下。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料
選取2017年1~12月在廣東佛山市三水區人民醫院進行擇期上肢手術的120例肥胖患者作為研究對象。納入標準:①30 kg/m2
1.2方法
所有患者均采用相同濃度(0.375%)及相同劑量(30 ml)的羅哌卡因(AstraZeneca AB,國藥準字H20100103,20 mg/10 ml)進行臂叢神經阻滯麻醉。A組患者采用傳統的解剖定位尋找異感法(盲探法),B組患者采用神經刺激儀引導法,C組患者采用超聲可視下阻滯法,D組患者采用超聲聯合神經刺激儀行臂叢阻滯。患者入室后常規多參數心電監護,開放上肢靜脈。由經驗豐富及熟悉掌握超聲引導定位和神經刺激儀的主治以上麻醉醫師行臂叢神經阻滯,各組穿刺成功后,緩慢注入0.375%羅哌卡因30 ml。
1.3觀察指標及評價標準
①記錄各組患者完成阻滯所需時間(開始臂叢神經阻滯操作至局麻藥注射完畢的時間)。②注藥完成后使用視覺模擬(VAS)評分法測定橈神經、尺神經、正中神經、肌皮神經及腋神經支配區域的感覺效果,用于判定感覺神經阻滯起效時間,具體操作如下。在紙上面劃一條10 cm的橫線,橫線的一端為0,表示無痛;另一端為10,表示劇痛;中間部分表示不同程度的疼痛。讓患者根據自我感覺在橫線上劃一記號,表示疼痛的程度,并進行計分,以計分<3分時判定為阻滯起效時間。臂叢各神經代表感覺區域:撓神經代表的感覺區域為第1、2掌骨間隙背面的“虎口區”皮膚;尺神經代表的感覺區域為手掌、手背內側緣;正中神經帶包的感覺區域我拇指、食指、中指遠節;肌皮神經代表的感覺區域為前臂外側皮膚;腋神經-三角肌區皮膚。③按以下標準記錄患者的神經阻滯效果,具體如下。Ⅰ級:阻滯范圍完善,患者無痛、安靜,肌松滿意,為手術提供良好條件;Ⅱ級:阻滯范圍欠完善,肌松效果欠滿意,患者有疼痛表情;Ⅲ級:阻滯范圍不完善,疼痛較明顯,肌松效果較差,患者出現呻吟、躁動,輔助用藥后,情況有所改善,但不夠理想,勉強完成手術;Ⅳ級:麻醉失敗,需改用其他麻醉方法后才能完成手術。④記錄患者的并發癥發生情況,包括局麻藥中毒、誤傷神經、誤傷血管以及霍納綜合征。
1.4統計學方法
采用SPSS 19.0統計學軟件進行數據分析,計量資料用均數±標準差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗;計數資料采用率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗;等級資料采用秩和檢驗,以P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2結果
2.1四組患者完成阻滯所需時間的比較
B、C、D組患者完成阻滯所需時間均顯著短于A組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05);C、D組患者完成阻滯所需時間均顯著短于B組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05);D組患者完成阻滯所需時間顯著短于C組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)(表1)。
2.2四組患者感覺神經阻滯起效時間的比較
B、C、D組患者的感覺神經阻滯起效時間均顯著短于A組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05);B、C、D組患者的感覺神經阻滯起效時間比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)(表2)。