王金輝 王飛飛 李為民
[摘要] 目的 探討MTHFR基因C677T突變與2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并大血管病變的關系。 方法 納入2015年10月~2017年1月哈爾濱市第一醫院380例T2DM患者(其中218例單純T2DM患者和162例T2DM大血管并發癥患者)和306例健康對照者。分離血液基因組DNA,采用基于聚合酶鏈反應的限制性片段長度多態性(PCR-RFLP)方法對MTHFR基因C677T突變進行基因分型。 結果 與單純T2DM患者相比,T2DM合并大血管并發癥患者MTHFR基因C677T突變的TT基因型和T等位基因型頻率顯著增高,差異有高度統計學意義(P < 0.01)。基因型TT患者同型半胱氨酸濃度明顯高于基因型CT和CC的患者(P < 0.05、P < 0.01)。 結論 T2DM合并大血管病變可能與MTHFR基因C677T突變有一定相關性。
[關鍵詞] 糖尿病;大血管病變;亞甲基四氫葉酸還原酶;C677T突變;基因型;同型半胱氨酸
[中圖分類號] R587.1 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2018)05(b)-0102-05
The significance of C677T mutation in type 2 diabetes mellitus combined with macrovascular complications
WANG Jinhui1 WANG Feifei1 LI Weimin2
1.Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Hospital of Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150000, China; 2.Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150000, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the possible association between MTHFR gene C677T mutation and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) combined with macrovascular complications. Methods Clinical data of 380 T2DM patients (218 simple T2DM and 162 T2DM patients with macrovascular complications) and 306 healthy controls were selected from the First Hospital of Harbin from October 2015 to January 2017. Blood genomic DNA was separated and the polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay was used for genotyping of the MTHFR gene C677T mutation. Results The frequencies of TT genotypes and T alleles of the C677T mutation in MTHFR gene in T2DM patients with macrovascular complications were statistically significantly higher than those of simple T2DM patients (P < 0.01). The homocysteine level in genotypic TT patients was significantly higher than that of genotype CT and CC patients (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Conclusion The combination of T2DM with macroangiopathy may be related with the mutation of the MTHFR gene C677T.
[Key words] Diabetic mellitus; Macrovascular complications; Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase; C677T mutation; Genotype; Homocysteine
糖尿病是21世紀最重要的公共衛生挑戰之一。過去十年,它作為全球健康威脅的疾病被大家所忽視。據世界衛生組織(WHO)稱,中國是2015年全球糖尿病患者人數最多的國家,約有1.1億人患有糖尿病[1]。糖尿病是可以引起各個系統并發癥的最常見的非傳染性疾病,導致感覺、運動和/或自主神經功能障礙[2-3]。根據近期的研究,人們普遍認為,糖尿病患者顯著增加了血管疾病的易感性,2型糖尿病(T2DM)的危害主要來自血管并發癥[4]。有研究表明,血管病變是糖尿病患者死亡的主要原因,約占糖尿病死亡率的65%[5]。大血管并發癥是T2DM的重要威脅,其中包括冠心病、中風和外周動脈疾病[6]。同時,已經發現同型半胱氨酸水平的升高是糖尿病血管病變的危險因素[7]。此外,據報道,糖尿病患者中高同型半胱氨酸血癥與冠狀動脈性心臟病的發病率有關[8-9]。
亞甲基四氫葉酸還原酶(MTHFR)是葉酸途徑的重要酶,其催化同型半胱氨酸轉化為甲硫氨酸,通過同型半胱氨酸的重新甲基化過程間接為DNA甲基化和蛋白質甲基化提供甲基并且使血液中的同型半胱氨酸水平保持在一個較低的水平[10]。本研究決定收集哈爾濱市第一醫院(以下簡稱“我院”)相關患者,探討MTHFR基因C677T多態性與T2DM合并大血管病變的關系。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
本研究收集2015年10月~2017年1月我院臨床實驗室登記的380例T2DM患者,其中單純T2DM患者218例,男92例,女126例,平均年齡(51.25±4.32)歲;伴有血管并發癥的T2DM患者162例,男66例,女96例,平均年齡(56.14±3.12)歲。患者均符合世界衛生組織的糖尿病標準(2型)。依據1997年美國糖尿病協會(ADA)修改的糖尿病診斷新標準[11],本研究中的大血管并發癥包括冠狀動脈功能不全、腦動脈功能不全、冠心病、腦梗死、冠狀動脈粥樣硬化、心力衰竭和高血壓。所有的大血管并發癥均得到心血管專家的診斷和確認。共招募了同期健康受試者306名,男124名,女182名,平均年齡(50.16±3.46)歲。健康對照組人員的年齡和地理區域與2型糖尿病患者相匹配,并且沒有其他全身性疾病。三組研究對象性別、年齡比較差異無統計學意義(P > 0.05),具有可比性。研究對象的各項指標都是采用標準的自動化實驗室方法測量。參與研究者已簽署知情同意書,且研究方案由我院機構審查委員會批準。
1.2 方法
使用DNA分離試劑盒(Tiangen,China)按照說明書方法從全血樣品中提取基因組DNA。通過基于PCR的限制性片段長度多態性(PCR-RFLP)測定方法分析MTHFR基因C677T多態性[11]。簡而言之,使用G6高保真DNA聚合酶(HaiGene,China)通過擴增基因組DNA獲得539 bp的PCR產物,引物序列為5′-CAG AGC ACT CTC TCT GCC CAG T-3′和5′-CCC TTT TGG TGA TGC TTG TTG GCC-3′。然后,將539 bp的PCR產物用HinfI(New England BioLabs Inc.,British)限制酶在37℃下消化過夜,消化產物在2%瓊脂糖凝膠上分離。PCR片段用溴化乙錠染色,凝膠成像系統拍照。野生型(CC)的只有539 bp,雜合子(CT)有3個條帶,366、173 bp和539 bp,純合突變型(TT)有366 bp和173 bp。
1.3 統計學方法
使用JMP5.1(SAS Windows版本)進行統計分析。計量資料以均數±標準差(x±s)表示。采用χ2檢驗評估患者和對照基因型分布的Hardy-Weinberg平衡,并用于分析C677T突變與T2DM患者大血管并發癥之間的關系。通過ANOVA統計分析患者的臨床特征,運用LSD-t檢驗對三組間進行兩兩比較,以P < 0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 MTHFR C677T突變與T2DM大血管并發癥顯著性相關
采用PCR-RFLP測定C677T突變基因分型,三種基因型見圖1。運用χ2檢驗統計分析顯示,T2DM合并大血管組TT基因型和T等位基因頻率顯著性高于單純T2DM組(P < 0.01)。見表1。
2.2 TT基因型患者的同型半胱氨酸水平顯著升高
除同型半胱氨酸以外,三種基因型CC、CT和TT之間差異均無統計學意義(P > 0.05)。基因型TT患者同型半胱氨酸濃度明顯高于基因型CT和CC(P < 0.05、P < 0.01)。見表2。
3討論
研究表明MTHFR基因C677T多態性與T2DM合并大血管病變有很密切的相關性[12-13],同時一些研究顯示相反的結果[14-15],這表明MTHFR基因C677T多態性與T2DM合并大血管病變之間的關聯是存在爭議的。在本研究中,MTHFR基因C677T突變與2型糖尿病大血管并發癥間存在一定的關系。此外,大血管并發癥的T2DM患者C677T突變的基因型和等位基因頻率和單純糖尿病之間有顯著統計學差異(P = 0.008、0.002),提示MTHFR基因C677T等位基因可能會增加T2DM糖尿病伴大血管并發癥的發病風險。
對于大血管并發癥,心血管疾病(CVD)是T2DM患者死亡的主要原因[6],T2DM患者的卒中風險比普通人群高3倍[16]。在以前的研究中,T2DM伴大血管病變患者血漿同型半胱氨酸總濃度和高半胱氨酸血癥發生頻率明顯升高,并且同型半胱氨酸是大血管并發癥的獨立危險因素[17]。此外,據報道,高同型半胱氨酸與冠心病(CHD)之間存在極強的相關性,提示同型半胱氨酸可能是CHD的獨立危險因素[18]。此外,還發現高同型半胱氨酸水平與冠狀動脈狹窄的嚴重程度相關[19]。眾所周知,MTHFR中C677T突變是影響血漿高同型半胱氨酸水平的因素[20]。具有TT基因型患者的血漿同型半胱氨酸水平顯著高于具有CT和CC基因型的患者[21]。本研究中提示,MTHFR基因C677T多態性與T2DM大血管并發癥之間存在顯著的關系。MTHFR基因C677T突變也被證實與糖尿病伴冠狀動脈心臟病、左心室肥厚、高同型半胱氨酸和缺血性卒中密切相關[22]。高同型半胱氨酸可以通過降低一氧化氮的生物利用度[23-24],改變各種血栓形成因子的表達,促進動脈平滑肌細胞有絲分裂或急性應激相關基因的表達,從而導致血管內皮功能障礙[25]。此外,高同型半胱氨酸可以刺激血管平滑肌細胞增生,進一步損害凝血和纖維蛋白溶解系統,誘發動脈粥樣硬化,增加冠心病和腦梗死等心血管疾病的風險。其次,血管平滑肌細胞在高同型半胱氨酸的影響下可導致其加速早期動脈粥樣硬化炎性反應[26]。第三,升高的循環同型半胱氨酸濃度可使血管閉塞風險增加。總之,本研究結果提示,MTHFR基因C677T多態性與T2DM大血管并發癥之間存在一定的關系。
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(收稿日期:2017-12-04 本文編輯:張瑜杰)