孫紅瑩 孫紅芳 孫莉 李明嫻
患者,男,17歲,因“間斷咳嗽半個月,加重伴發熱、左側胸痛3 d”入院。患者半個月前著涼后出現咳嗽、咳痰,偶伴有活動后氣短,3 d患者無明顯誘因咳嗽癥狀加重,并出現左側胸痛,伴有發熱。入院查體:體溫37.2 ℃,血壓120/70 mmHg,呼吸20次/min,脈搏90次/min,神清語明,皮膚鞏膜無黃染,全身淺表淋巴結未觸及,聽診雙肺呼吸音粗,左下肺可聞細小濕啰音,心臟及腹部查體未見異常。輔助檢查,肺部CT:左肺下葉支氣管截斷,局部可見團塊狀軟組織密度影約6cm,縱隔、左肺門淋巴結腫大,見圖1;甲胎蛋白(AFP) 41.39 ng/ml;PET-CT:左肺下葉支氣管開口處高代謝腫塊,SUV最大值8.9,CT值30.7 Hu,考慮中心型肺癌,伴遠端阻塞性肺不張及阻塞性炎癥;左肺門及縱膈(7組)淋巴結轉移癌;第8胸椎、第4腰椎、左側第8肋骨、左側髂骨轉移癌,SUV最大值8.9。血常規:白細胞10.09×109/L,中性粒細胞百分比0.81,中性粒細胞絕對值8.20×109/L;超敏C反應蛋白77.10 mg/L;纖維支氣管鏡檢查:鏡下管腔內未見新生物,但左肺下葉支氣管管腔閉塞,開口處黏膜粗糙、充血、水腫、質軟,觸之易出血,見圖2,取細胞沖洗液及支氣管刷片送檢,并于左下肺支氣管開口處經支氣管壁穿刺活檢,均找到癌細胞,傾向生殖細胞瘤,免疫組化表達顯示:Ki-67(+70%)CK-pan(±),CD20(-),CD3(-),SALL4(+),CD117(NS),PLAP(-),Oct3/4(-),重復CD117(-),CD30(-),AFP(-),HMB45(-),Vimentin(-)。由于免疫組化表達不典型,3 d后再行支氣管鏡檢查并送檢病理,病理結果:結合免疫組化符合生殖細胞瘤;免疫組化:Ki-67(+90%),CK-pan(±),TTF-1(-),CK7(-),CK5/6(-),P63(±),CD56(-),CgA(-),Syn(-),SALL4(散在+),Oct3/4(-),見圖3。

圖1 肺CT:左肺下葉支氣管截斷,局部可見團塊狀軟組織密度影,大小約6 cm,CT值為33 HU;縱隔、左肺門淋巴結腫大

圖2 纖維支氣管鏡檢查:左肺下葉開口粘膜粗糙,充血,水腫,管腔閉塞

生殖細胞瘤是由3種原始胚層細胞演變而來的胚胎性腫瘤,在胚胎期,生殖細胞起源于卵黃囊的內胚層,沿著原腸后端中線附近遷移,至后腹壁生殖嵴聚集后并入發育中的生殖腺,通常于胚胎后期降入女性盆腔或男性陰囊。若部分生殖細胞在遷移過程中落后或超前,移位到其它器官,沒有退化的生殖細胞便保留了分化潛能,可能發生腺外生殖細胞瘤。腺外生殖細胞癌常見發生于松果體、鞍上池、縱隔、腹膜后、骶尾部等部位。兒童中惡性生殖細胞腫瘤發病率低,年發病率約為2.4/100萬,多發于男性青少年,占兒童惡性腫瘤的2.9%[1-7]。惡性生殖細胞瘤多為實質性,腫塊多數邊界不清,易向周圍結構浸潤及侵犯,較早地出現遠處轉移。
肺是惡性生殖細胞瘤最常見轉移部位,但原發的肺生殖細胞瘤罕見。本例患者臨床表現不典型,肺部CT表現與中央型肺癌類似,以咳嗽、發熱、胸痛等阻塞性肺炎的癥狀為首發,無明顯癥狀時即發生多處骨轉移,診斷較為困難,容易誤診。AFP是一種胎兒蛋白,生理性的AFP合成于卵黃囊、胚胎肝臟和胃腸道[3]。血清中甲胎蛋白水平升高是惡性生殖細胞瘤的重要生化指標[9-14]。該患者甲胎蛋白水平升高,更支持了肺生殖細胞瘤的診斷。
肺部生殖細胞瘤極為罕見,影像學缺乏特異性,診斷主要依靠病理檢查,因此,對于以肺部占位及甲胎蛋白升高主要表現的男性患者、特別是青少年,應考慮到生殖細胞瘤可能,并行病理學檢查以確診。
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