小議功能視域下人力資源管理詞匯中的隱喻現象及翻譯策略

Abstract： The researches of metaphors now are mainly at or above the lingual level of sentences. However， there are a few documents on the study of the metaphors of words， because many scholars do not believe that the metaphors can be created at the lexical level. HR management is branch of management field， and its vocabulary involves special situational contextual factors and strong functionality. From the perspective of functionalist skopos theory， this paper analyzes the metaphor phenomenon in HRM vocabulary， and detects that it includes simple word metaphor， compound word metaphor and derivative word metaphor. Based on the analysis of HRM word metaphor phenomenon， the integration model of metaphor culture oriented to functionalist skopos is set up. The metaphor research at the level of HRM words can help to intensify and consummate the translation research of HRM works.

Key words ： metaphor， functionalist， translation strategies， HRM

Cognitivemetaphortheorybelievesthatmetaphorisacognitivephenomenon，animportantfeatureofhumanbeings’abstractivethinking，andthemetaphoricallanguageisderivativeandthespecificrepresentationofmetaphoricalthinking.AccordingtothecognitivelinguistLakoff，thehumanbeings’languagesasawholeareametaphoricalsignsystem，andthemetaphorsusedinlanguagesaresurfacephenomena，andwhatreallyfunctionsisthemetaphoricalconceptshiddeninsidepeople’sconceptualsystem.Hismetaphoricalconceptsystem，suchasthe“sourcedomain”，the“targetdomain”andthe“imaging”，havepavedoutanewpathforthestudyofmetaphorsfromtheperspectiveofcognition.Thesourcedomainnormallyistheknownorfamiliarobjects，thetargetdomainisstrangeorunfamiliarabstractobjects，andtheimagingoftheexperiencesofthesourcedomaintothetargetdomainwillachievetheaimtore-recognizethefeaturesofthetargetdomain.Withthecombinationofthecognitivemetaphoricaltheory，theauthorbelievesitisbettertocarryoutthetranslationstudyoftheEnglishphenomenafromtheperspectiveofGermanfunctionalisttheory，breaksthelimitationsoftheequivalencetheory，startwiththefidelity，thesuitabilityoftargetreaders’artisticconception，exploredeepermeaningsofthe“sourcedomain”，andrealizetheprocessfromunfamiliarityofthe“sourcedomain”totargetreaders’familiaritywiththe“targetdomain”.Thisprocessistheonefordemetaphorizing.Metaphorsaresemanticmedia，whichwillguidepeopletogainsemanticunderstandingsorhelppeopletogainnewknowledge，understandandexperiencenewthingsbasedontheconceptsthathavebeendevelopedandformedthroughtheaccumulationoftheirownexperiences.

“Theresearchesofmetaphorsnowaremainlyatorabovethelinguallevelofsentences.However，thereareafewdocumentsonthestudyofthemetaphorsofwords，becausemanyscholarsdonotbelievethatthemetaphorscanbecreatedatthelexicallevel”（CaiJigang，2008）.Mr.CaiJigang，aprofessorofFudanUniversity，haspointedoutinhisarticle-ResearchontheComparisonofFormationandProportionofEnglishandChineseMetaphoricalWords“therearetwokindsofmetaphoricalwords：onecomesfromtheextendedsenses，whiletheothercomesfromnewformation.Therefore，asinglewordcanalsobemetaphorical.Onthebasisofexplainingthedefinitionandmechanismofmetaphoricalwords，thecomparisonofthe434EnglishandChinesewordsin12semanticscenarioshasprovedthat，（1）theproportionofEnglishmetaphoricalwordstothewholevocabularyishigherthanthoseinChinese；（2）thenumberofextendedfigurativemeaningsfromEnglishmetaphoricalwordsislargerthanthatfromChinesemetaphoricalwords；（3）theleveloftransparencyandmotivationinEnglishmetaphoricalwordsislowerthanthoseofChinese”（CaiJigang，2008）.With“metaphorsofwords”asthekeysearchingwords，theauthorhassearchedtheCNKIfortheresearchdocumentsreleasedbetween2002to2016.Thesearchingresultisthatatotalnumberof79，738documentshasbeenfound，inwhichthereare92documentsaboutscienceandtechnology，13，157aboutcomputerandIT，648aboutteachingandeducation，andthereareasmallquantityofdocumentsformanagement.TheresultshowsthatonlyafewresearcheshavebeenconductedinHRMfield.Therefore，IwillfocusonthemetaphoricalfeaturesandtranslationstrategiesofHRMtermsinthispaper，andhopefullyitwillbehelpfulforthestudiesofotherscholars.

I. Metaphorical phenomena in HRM terms

1.1Metaphorofsinglemorphemewords

Singlemorphemewordsaretheonesthatconsistofsinglemorphemes.AccordingtoShuDingfeng（2000：110），therearethreekindsofmetaphoricalwords：extendedsenses，forexample：crane（鶴—起重機）；theconversionofwordproperty，forexample，wolf（狼—做出狼一樣的行為）；compoundingwords，suchascobblestone（鵝卵石）.Thestudyofthesinglemorphemewordsinthischapterstartsfromnouns，verbsandadjectives，whichfeaturesthemostnumberofmetaphoricalwords.

ThenumberofasingleEnglishmorphemewordthatcanhaveextendedmeaningsnotonlyrepresentsalargerproportion；moreover，thenumberoffigurativemeaningsfromawordisveryconsiderable.Forexample，theChinesecharacter“鼻”（nose），itonlyhasoneextendedmeaning：foundingorestablishing；butinEnglish，theword“nose\"canhasasmanyas12figurativemeanings：senseofsmell；characteristicsfragranceofwines；searchorinquire；theforwardendofanaircraft，arocket，orasubmarine；findoutbyorasifbysmell；touchwiththenose，；move，push，ormakewithorasifwiththenose；causesomethingtodriveslowly；defeatbyanarrowmargin；notice；informer（CaiJigang，2008）.TakingtheGHCT2015astheexample，IwilldiscussthemetaphorofsinglemorphemewordsinHRMterms.

1aGlobalorganizationstodaymustnavigatea“newworldofwork”.（GHCT2015：2）

1b如今，工作的方式在世界各地的公司都與過去完全不同。

2aOuradviceissimple：Jumpintothefraywithenthusiasm.（GHCT2015：11）

2b我們的建議非常簡單：用積極的心態迎接挑戰。

3aThecompany’sCLO，FaustoPalumbo，presentedaboldviewthatlearningcouldbeastrategicleverwithintheorganizationtochangethewayemployeesthinkandact.（GHCT2015：28）

Intheabovesentences，wecanfindthatthemetaphoricalwordsaredevelopedonthebasisofoldwordsandgivennewmeanings.Themetaphoricalmechanismistoseekthesimilarpointsbetweenthenewobjectstobeconceptualizedandtheoldmeaningsthathavebeenconceptualized，projectafamiliarconceptualdomaintoanotherunfamiliarconceptualdomain，orusetheexperienceofacognitivedomaintounderstandtheexperienceofanothercognitivedomain（Lakoff，1993：207），soastoformthenecessarynewmeanings.Kurz（1988：16）says“weoftenexpressorpresentnewthingswiththehelpofoldmeanings.Fromthispoint，ourlanguagesandtheextentofourunderstandingoftheselanguagesaremetaphorical”.Forexample，“分流”（waterdiversion），originallymeansthediversionoffloodtolowerthewaterlevelofthemainstream，anditfurtherextendstomeantheseparationofpedestriansystemfromvehiclesystemorcapitaldistribution.In1ato3asentences，navigate：駕駛、航行、航空（tocontrolthecourseofashiporanaircraft）—適應（toadaptto）；fray：爭吵（quarrel）—挑戰（challenge）；gap：裂縫，缺口（acleftorbreach）—差距（difference）；lever：杠桿（asimplemachineconsistingofarigidbarpivotedonafixedpointandusedtotransmitforce）--用來影響別人的事物（meansofaccomplishing；atool）；Metaphoricalwordsareactuallythesemanticchangeprocess，atransferringprocessfromonesemanticdomaintoanothersemanticdomain，and“itisaprocessinwhichawordswitchingfromitsbasicmeaningstoanothernon-basicbutmuchvividerimages”（Kopperschmidt，ascitedbyFengXiaohu，2004：15）.

1.2Metaphorofcompoundwords

Themetaphoricalmeaningofsinglemorphemewordsmainlycomesfromtheextendedsenseoftheoriginalmeaningofaword，whilethecompoundmetaphoricalwordscomefrom：i）theextendedsenseoftheoriginalmeaningofaword，forexample，biggame（largeanimalsorfishhunted—importantobjectives）；ii）theformationofnewwords.Thefigurativemeaningiscreatedthroughthecombinationofmorphemes，sothebasicmeaningsofsuchcompoundwordsarefigurative，suchasbrainwash（洗腦），bighearted（慷慨的），andcouchpotato（終日懶散的人）.

ThenumberofmetaphoricalcompoundwordsinEnglishisabsolutelysmallerthanthoseinChinese（becauseChinesewordsmostlycomefromcompounding），butfeaturesahigherproportion；themetaphoricalcompoundwordsinEnglisharebasicallymetaphors.Deignan（2001）gaveanexampleof127metaphoricalcompoundwords，inwhichtherewere121metaphors，accountfor95percent.Mostofthewordsarenouns.Theinternalstructureofthewordsisnotmerelythemeansandmethodsofwordformation，anditreflectsthethinkingpatternsmore.Chinesepeopleintendto“makethingscertainbycomparingtosomethingelse”，drawanalogyafterthethingsaremadecertain，andthennamethethingsafterotherthingswithsimilarappearancefromthenature.

1.3Metaphorofderivativewords

6aNewcognitivetechnologiesaredisplacingworkersandreengineeringwork…（GHCT2015：2）

6b新技術在替代某些員工的同時也改變了工作流程……

7aWhilechangingbehavioramongmanagersoftenprovesharderthansimplyuncoveringfacts，manycompaniesareusinganalyticstoidentifywaystoincreaseengagementorboostretention.（GHCT2015：73）

7b雖然高層管理者經常變化的管理政策提高了通過數據分析得到提高員工敬業度的因子的難度，但是仍然有公司在提供這種分析服務。

Theunderliningwordsin6aisthezeroderivativeofnounandleadstofigurativemeaningsdifferentfromtheoriginalmeanings，butitisoflowmotivations.Accordingtotheword“Engineer”（Onewhoistrainedorprofessionallyengagedinabranchofengineering--toplan），thereengineeringinthesentenceistranslatedas“改變或改造”（tochangeortransform）.In7a，theunderliningword“uncover”（揭露，toreveal）istranslatedas“得到”（toget）.Afteraverbderivesanoriginalverb，itoftencomeswithametaphoricalmeaning.

Ⅱ. Strategies of E-C translation of metaphorical HRM terms

2.1Completelyequivalentmeaning-basedstrategiesofE-Ctranslation

Completeequivalenceistheidealformtotransferthemeaningsequivalently.IfEnglishandChinesehavethecompatiblemeaningsandmatchingforms，theirfunctionaleffectivenessandculturalcognitionwillbecompletelyequivalent，thatistosaythattheconformityofdecodingformsofthetwolingualinformation.Suchmetaphorswillbeprocessedwiththecompletelyequivalentmeaning-basedtranslationstrategies.

（1）Equivalentmeaning-basedmethods

Thereiscompleteequivalenceintheimagingofmeanings，culturalfactorsandotheraspectsinEnglishandChinesemetaphors，soitispossibletodirectlyfollowthecontentsandformsofsourcetexts.Forexample：Behaviorallyanchoredratingscale（行為錨定等級評價法），AmoebaManagement（變形蟲式管理），Benchmarkingmanagement（標桿管理），Bottom-LineConcept（底線概念），CareerPlateau（職業高原）；

（2）Transplantingmeaning-basedmethods

Ifawordisuniqueinthesourcetextbutdoesnotexistsinthetargetlanguage，andthevehicleofitsmetaphorisquitefamiliarwiththetargettextreadersandbearsgreatsimilaritytothetenor，suchmetaphorwillbeabletobetransplantedtotheTLthroughtheforeignizationmeaning-basedmethods.Forexample：cutoffscore（錄用分數線），careeranchors（職業動機），collectivebargaining（勞資談判）；

2.2Partiallyequivalentmeaning-basedE-Ctranslationstrategies

Partiallyequivalentmeaning-basedmethodwillbeusedwhenthemetaphoricalimagesofsomeHRMtermsdonotcompletelyconformtoChinesethinkingandpresentation.

（1）Partialreplacementmeaning-basedmethod

SomeimagesonlycertaindegreeofequivalenceinEnglishandChineselanguagesandcultures.Itwillleadtothedistortionofthoughtsiftheliteraltranslatingmethodisreluctantlyused.DuringthetranslationofsuchmetaphoricalwordsfromEnglishintoChinese，itisnecessarytoretainpartsofSLimagesandforotherparts，replacethemwithappropriateTLimagessoastoachievethesimilarityinbothformsandspiritsandenhancetheperception.Forexample：cultureshock（文化沖突），scatterplot（散點分析）；

（2）Partialexplanationmeaning-basedmethods

SomenewmetaphoricalmeaningscannotfindaccurateandsimpleequivalenceinChinese，sodirecttransplantationwillleadtothedifficultyinreaders’understanding.Tosolvethisproblem，itisnecessarytointroducethemetaphoricalconceptsandrepresentationsintotheTLthroughmetaphoricalmeaning；inthemeantime，toconductnecessaryexplanationstotheconceptualdomainscontainedintheSL.Forexample：Definedcontribution（固定繳款），Employeeorientation（雇員上崗引導），Orientation（導向培訓），DecisionTreeInduction（決策樹分類算法）.

2.3Analogymeaning-basedE-Ctranslationstrategies

Analogyisthecomplexextendedmetaphor.Ittakesparallelcomparisonofdifferentobjectswithmultiplesimilarpointsandsameargumentations.Thequestionswillbeexplainedintheprocessofmutualreferenceandanalogy（ZhangXiaobo，2007：43）.

（1）Similaranalogymeaning-basedmethod

Duringtheprocessoftranslation，atranslatorconductssemanticassociationtowardthesimilaritythatiscommonamongdifferentobjectswithcognitiveexperience，carriesoutanalogyandreasoningoftenorsandvehicles，andthenproducesaseriesofnewterminologythatissimilartotheTLmetaphors.SuchChineseterminologyisaccurate，simpleandcaneffectivelytransfermessages.Forexample：

Corevalue（核心價值觀），coreworker（核心員工），coreworkforce（核心工作團隊）；

Linestructure（直線結構），LineManager（直線經理），Line-staffRelationship（直線參謀關系）；

（2）Opposite-meaninganalogymeaning-basedmethods

Basedontheoppositefocusesbetweentenorsandvehicles，atranslatorcreatesnewwordsofoppositemeaningsbyusingitemsoforiginalwordssoastohighlighttherepresentationeffectsoftheoriginalwiththeopposite.Forexample：

Overproduction（生產過剩），underproduction（生產不足）；

Bottomline（底線），topline（上線）；

（3）Functionalanalogymeaning-basedmethod

Duringtheprocessoftranslation，atranslatorimagesthefamiliartothenewobjectsbyexploringthefunctionalsimilaritybetweentenorsandvehiclessoastocreatenewterminologythatiseasytounderstandandaccept.Forexample：

Open-door（敞開門戶），Glassceiling（無形限制），Job-Family（工作群）.

IV.Conclusion

Inconclusion，translationdoesnotonlymeanthetranslationofwords，sentencesortexts，butalsomeanguidingthecooperationinimages，spanningculturalbarriersandpromotingfunctionalcommunication.Translationbehaviorsattachgreatimportancetoprovidingtherecipientswithafunctionalcommunicativetext，namely，atextoftargetlanguagewhichreachesfunctionalcompatibilitywiththecultureoftargetlanguageintermsofformandstyle.Therefore，weshouldanalyzethemetaphorofHRMwordsfromthefunctionperspective.ThepaperisaimedtostudyChinesetranslationinthemanagementfieldatadeeperlevel，hopingtoprovidemorevaluableadviceforHRMtranslationresearch.

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作者簡介：

秦臻，對外經濟貿易大學，金肯職業技術學院。