營(yíng)林措施對(duì)森林土壤甲烷吸收的影響*

王會(huì)來(lái) 劉 娟 姜培坤 周?chē)?guó)模 李永夫 吳家森

(浙江農(nóng)林大學(xué) 亞熱帶森林培育國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室 浙江省森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)碳循環(huán)與固碳減排重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室 臨安 311300)

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營(yíng)林措施對(duì)森林土壤甲烷吸收的影響*

王會(huì)來(lái) 劉 娟 姜培坤 周?chē)?guó)模 李永夫 吳家森

(浙江農(nóng)林大學(xué) 亞熱帶森林培育國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室 浙江省森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)碳循環(huán)與固碳減排重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室 臨安 311300)

以期為全球氣候變暖背景下的林地合理經(jīng)營(yíng)管理提供依據(jù)。 利用Scopus，Web of Science，SDOS，CNKI 等數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，查詢(xún)林地土壤CH4的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)，對(duì)不同營(yíng)林措施(施肥、采伐、火燒、林下植被管理)森林土壤CH4吸收通量方面的研究進(jìn)行綜述。 施加N肥對(duì)于富氮森林土壤CH4吸收有抑制作用，但可以顯著促進(jìn)貧氮森林土壤CH4吸收； 火燒后土壤CH4吸收通量受到多種因素的影響，因此存在一定的不確定性，多數(shù)研究表明，火燒減少土壤CH4吸收通量； 皆伐改變土壤溫度、含水量、有機(jī)碳的分解和利用等，從而減弱森林土壤CH4吸收能力； 擇伐對(duì)森林土壤CH4吸收的影響表現(xiàn)為抑制、促進(jìn)和無(wú)影響； 剔除林下植被提高土壤溫度，加快土壤水分蒸發(fā)散失，增強(qiáng)CH4氧化菌的活性，促進(jìn)土壤CH4吸收； 種植固氮植物使森林土壤轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)镃H4的排放源。 目前經(jīng)營(yíng)措施對(duì)森林土壤CH4吸收影響的研究結(jié)果還存在較大差異，對(duì)營(yíng)林措施影響森林土壤CH4吸收的內(nèi)在機(jī)理的認(rèn)識(shí)還不充分。隨著研究方法和觀測(cè)手段的不斷發(fā)展，今后應(yīng)深入研究多種因素和氣候變化對(duì)林地土壤CH4吸收影響的內(nèi)在機(jī)理以及甲烷氧化菌對(duì)各種干擾因素的響應(yīng)機(jī)制。

人為干擾； 土壤甲烷吸收； 經(jīng)營(yíng)管理； 施肥； 采伐； 火燒； 林下植被管理

甲烷是引起全球氣候變化的第二大溫室氣體，單位質(zhì)量CH4的增溫潛勢(shì)是CO2的25倍(IPCC， 2007)，對(duì)全球氣候變暖的貢獻(xiàn)率約為20%(Duttaetal.， 2015)。截止到2011年，大氣中CH4的濃度相較于工業(yè)革命前提高了150%(IPCC， 2013)，目前仍以每年0.8%的速度不斷遞增(IPCC， 2007)。大氣中CH4通常來(lái)源于水稻田、濕地、海洋以及化石燃料的開(kāi)采和燃燒，全球大氣CH4年排放量為548 Tg·a-1，其中濕地、水稻田等自然排放源占30%～50%(Heimann， 2010； Kirschkeetal.， 2013)。森林土壤是大氣CH4的重要吸收匯，全球土壤CH4年吸收量為 26～36 Tg·a-1，其中森林土壤CH4年吸收量占52%(Denmanetal.， 2007； Borkenetal.， 2009)。中國(guó)森林覆蓋面積為2.08×108hm2，占國(guó)土總面積的22%，蘊(yùn)含著巨大的CH4吸收能力。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，我國(guó)森林土壤CH4年吸收量為0.675 Tg·a-1，其中東部濕潤(rùn)、半濕潤(rùn)地區(qū)土壤CH4年吸收量占82%(Cai， 2012； Wangetal.， 2014)。

施肥、采伐、火燒、林下植被管理等營(yíng)林措施改變了土壤含水量、土壤pH值、土壤碳含量和土壤氮含量等基本理化性質(zhì)和土壤微生物的群落組成、活性等，顯著影響了森林土壤CH4吸收。近年來(lái)，開(kāi)展了大量營(yíng)林措施對(duì)森林土壤CH4吸收影響研究，但因管理措施、森林類(lèi)型、土壤狀況以及氣候因素的不同，營(yíng)林措施對(duì)林地土壤CH4吸收影響的研究結(jié)果存在較大差異； 同一種營(yíng)林措施在不同森林類(lèi)型、土壤狀況和氣候條件下，也會(huì)產(chǎn)生抑制、促進(jìn)和不變3種結(jié)果。這種研究結(jié)果的差異性及其作用機(jī)理的認(rèn)識(shí)還不充分(Zhangetal.， 2015; Iwataetal.， 2015； Hoyos-Santillanetal.， 2016)。本文綜述了營(yíng)林措施(施肥、采伐、火燒和林下植被管理)影響林地土壤甲烷(CH4)吸收通量的研究進(jìn)展，探討了營(yíng)林措施影響土壤CH4吸收的主要機(jī)理，并提出未來(lái)研究的重點(diǎn)，以期對(duì)全球氣候變暖背景下林地的合理經(jīng)營(yíng)管理起到借鑒和啟示作用。

1 施肥

施肥直接改變土壤有機(jī)碳含量和植物根系生物量，同時(shí)影響土壤微生物活性、土壤pH值等土壤理化性質(zhì)，從而顯著影響森林土壤CH4吸收。施肥特別是施加N肥對(duì)森林土壤CH4吸收的影響機(jī)制主要包括： 氮素累積產(chǎn)生的抑制作用、土壤酸化、代謝產(chǎn)物的毒害作用、NH4+和CH4競(jìng)爭(zhēng)甲烷單氧酶等(程淑蘭等， 2012)。施肥對(duì)林地土壤CH4吸收的影響受植被類(lèi)型、施肥種類(lèi)和地帶氣候等因素的共同影響，因此產(chǎn)生抑制、促進(jìn)和不變3種結(jié)果，但以抑制的研究結(jié)果居多(表1)。

與此相反的是，在貧N的森林土壤中，N肥施用對(duì)土壤CH4吸收通量的影響多表現(xiàn)為不變或促進(jìn)(表1)。貧N的寒溫帶森林土壤，外源氮很容易被植被和土壤微生物吸收利用(高文龍等， 2013)，而且地表長(zhǎng)期覆蓋凍土導(dǎo)致外源氮難以穿透到土壤CH4氧化區(qū)域(Sj?gerstenetal.， 2007)，從而導(dǎo)致施加N肥后土壤CH4氧化速率沒(méi)有顯著變化(Whalenetal.， 2000)。高文龍等(2013)對(duì)寒溫帶針葉林和Whalen等(2000)對(duì)北方針葉林的研究表明，N肥的輸入沒(méi)有顯著改變土壤CH4吸收能力。貧N 森林土壤由于缺乏礦質(zhì)氮，土壤CH4氧化能力較弱，施加少量N肥后，Ⅰ，Ⅱ和X型甲烷氧化菌的活性增強(qiáng)(Aumanetal.， 2001)，從而促進(jìn)林地土壤CH4的吸收。少數(shù)研究表明，短時(shí)間N肥的施加促進(jìn)了土壤CH4的吸收(Veldkampetal.， 2013)。

2 火燒

火燒一方面釋放大量的溫室氣體，造成森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)碳損失，另一方面影響森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的形成與演化，改變森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的碳、氮循環(huán)過(guò)程。火燒改變土壤溫度、濕度和pH值，并通過(guò)有機(jī)碳燃燒和改變黏土礦物來(lái)影響土壤結(jié)構(gòu)，使得土壤CH4吸收通量發(fā)生改變(任樂(lè)等， 2014)。此外，火燒后土壤微生物以及土壤酶活性也會(huì)影響土壤CH4吸收(Zhaoetal.， 2015)。

表1 不同林分土壤CH4吸收對(duì)增氮的響應(yīng)Tab.1 Responses of CH4 uptake flux to N fertilizer addition in typical stand soils

表2 不同林分土壤CH4吸收對(duì)火燒的響應(yīng)Tab.2 Responses of CH4 uptake to burning in typical forest soils

3 采伐

森林采伐后，地表植被和凋落物減少，土壤裸露在地表，土壤侵蝕和淋溶作用加強(qiáng)，加快有機(jī)碳分解速率，減弱森林碳匯能力(閆美芳等， 2010； Zhouetal.， 2015)。采伐改變森林土壤水熱條件，樹(shù)木對(duì)土壤水分吸收能力的減弱使得地下水位上升，從而減弱土壤的通氣透水性，進(jìn)而影響森林土壤CH4吸收(Gaoetal.， 2015)。

擇伐是森林采伐中最常見(jiàn)方式之一。擇伐可以?xún)?yōu)化森林林齡結(jié)構(gòu)，提高林木生產(chǎn)力，增加光照利用率，改善土壤水熱條件，維持植物根系和微生物群落的穩(wěn)定，減少林火風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，是維持森林健康的重要措施。目前，擇伐對(duì)土壤CH4吸收速率影響的研究還沒(méi)有統(tǒng)一的結(jié)論(表4)。Bradford等(2000)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，溫帶山毛櫸(Quercusrobur)人工林擇伐2年后土壤CH4吸收速率增加。Yoshiyuki等(2004)發(fā)現(xiàn)日本扁柏(Chamaecyparisobtusa)人工林擇伐8個(gè)月后土壤密度增加，土壤通氣性減弱導(dǎo)致土壤CH4吸收通量下降。Sundqvist等(2014)發(fā)現(xiàn)擇伐1年后土壤CH4吸收速率下降了50%。Sullivan等(2008)發(fā)現(xiàn)擇伐1年后促進(jìn)了林下植被生長(zhǎng)，森林土壤有機(jī)碳沒(méi)有顯著減少，對(duì)甲烷氧化菌影響較小(Wuetal.， 2011)，土壤CH4吸收速率沒(méi)有顯著變化。由此可見(jiàn)，擇伐后采樣時(shí)間可能是影響土壤CH4吸收速率變化的原因之一。

4 林下植被管理

林下植被是林下生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分，林下植被管理通過(guò)改變土壤有機(jī)物的輸入、小氣候和土壤理化性質(zhì)，對(duì)土壤CH4吸收有著重要的影響(表5)。林下種植固氮植物能增強(qiáng)植物根系活性，提高作物生產(chǎn)力，同時(shí)增加了土壤凋落物輸入，促進(jìn)土壤碳的積累(Wangetal.， 2014)。在土壤濕度較高的條件下，林下種植固氮植物，刺激了CH4產(chǎn)生菌的活性，使森林土壤轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)镃H4的排放源(Qiao，etal., 2011)。Li(2010)發(fā)現(xiàn)種植翅莢決明(Cassiaalata)后抑制了尾葉桉(Eucalyptusurophylla)林土壤CH4吸收。

剔除尾葉桉林下灌草增大森林表層土的通透度，地表溫度升高加快土壤水分蒸發(fā)散失，使土壤濕度降低刺激了甲烷氧化菌的活性，從而增加土壤CH4吸收(Wuetal., 2011; Wangetal., 2011)。劉娟等(2015)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，留養(yǎng)雜草和剔除雜草的山核桃(Caryacathayensis)林均表現(xiàn)為土壤CH4的匯，剔除雜草后土壤CH4吸收通量顯著增加。

除草劑改變土壤微生物數(shù)量和群落活性，進(jìn)而影響土壤CH4吸收(丁洪等， 2011； 張仕穎等， 2013)。如Chen等(2009)發(fā)現(xiàn)，丁草胺加快了土壤甲烷吸收速率。

表3 不同林分土壤CH4吸收對(duì)皆伐的響應(yīng)Tab.3 Responses of CH4 uptake to clear-cutting in typical stand soils

表4 不同林分土壤CH4吸收對(duì)擇伐的響應(yīng)Tab.4 Responses of CH4 uptake to thinning in typical stand soils

表5 不同林分土壤CH4吸收對(duì)林下植被管理的響應(yīng)Tab.5 Responses of CH4 uptake to understory management in typical stand soils

5 展望

今后應(yīng)加強(qiáng)以下4方面研究： 1)森林土壤CH4吸收對(duì)N輸入響應(yīng)機(jī)制的研究； 2)多種因素對(duì)林地土壤CH4吸收影響的長(zhǎng)期定位試驗(yàn)的研究； 3)甲烷氧化菌對(duì)各種干擾因素響應(yīng)模式的研究； 4)氣候變化對(duì)林地土壤CH4吸收的影響及其響應(yīng)機(jī)制的研究。

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(責(zé)任編輯 于靜嫻)

Effect of Management Practices on Methane Uptake in Forest Soils

Wang Huilai Liu Juan Jiang Peikun Zhou Guomo Li Yongfu Wu Jiasen

(State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration Zhejiang A & F University Lin’An 311300)

Forest soils are the main sinks of atmospheric CH4. This study is aimed to provide a basis for forest management practices under climate change. The databases of Scopus, Web of Science, SDOS and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were used to review current status of studies on CH4uptake from forest soils. The review highlighted the effect of forest management practices (fertilization, cutting, burning, and understory management) on soil CH4uptake, and explained its main mechanism. Fertilization tended to inhibit soil CH4uptake in N-rich forest soils, but obviously promoted soil CH4uptake in N-poor forest soils. It was generally believed that slash burning reduced soil CH4uptake. Clear-cutting changed soil temperature, water content, decomposition of organic carbon, and thus weakened the capability of methanotrophs to oxidize methane. Selective-cutting could stimulate, suppress, or show no effect on forest soil CH4uptake. Understory removal increased soil temperature, sped up evaporation of soil water and increased the activity of methanotrophs, which promoted soil CH4uptake. Nitrogen fixing plants reduced soil CH4uptake. There were significant differences of management practices on forest soil CH4uptake among the previous studies. Additionally, the inherent mechanism is still not sufficient. With the development of research theory and technology, the interactive effects of various factors and climate change on forest soil CH4uptake and its mechanism, the response model of methanotrophs to various interference factors will become the main direction in the future.Key words： human disturbance; soil CH4uptake; management practices; fertilization; cutting; burning; understory management

10.11707/j.1001-7488.20170518

2015-11-18；

2017-01-19。

浙江省自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(LY15C160004)； 浙江省科技創(chuàng)新團(tuán)隊(duì)項(xiàng)目(2012R10030-11)。

S718.5

A

1001-7488(2017)05-0156-08

* 劉娟為通訊作者。