Introduction to Abstract

商明利

1. What is abstract？

The abstract，also named summary，the summary of the content. The purpose is to provide general content，without any comment and supplement.

2. The basic elements.

It includes the objective and purpose，the process and methods，the results and findings，the conclusion.

· The objective and methods. Why do we write this paper，just to solve a problem or the need for the future.

· The process and methods.The principle、the theory、the condition and the material used in the paper.

· The results and findings. By studying the process and method，we will get the results and findings.

· The conclusion. Analysising the experimental results，summarying the full text，and then get a complete conclusion.

3. The function of the abstract.

①Its dominant function is to give information. it should be independent and self contained. The reader dont need to read the full text to get the necessary information.

②Its secondary function is to attract readers and introduce the main content of the article to the reader. Then to provide convenience for retrieval.

4. The features.

· The title. It should be brief and concise. The words must be exact and effective，and concentrate on the main points.It is worth nothing that part of speech.

（1）Expounding on the unity of human need and social development.

（2）Reflection on the road of chinas peacefully development.

· The text. The text is the main body of the thesis. It should be included arguments，demonstration process and conclusions. The body section includes the following：

a. Ask questions - arguments；

b. Analysis of problems - arguments and arguments；

c. Problem-solving methods and procedures；

d. Conclusion.

In order to achieve the text structured and clear，usually the part of the body is divided into several large paragraphs. These paragraphs are called logical segments. A logical segment contains several small logical segments. The level of the paper should not be too much，generally not more than five.

· The key words. The key words are used to express the main body of the paper. Generally，it appears frequently，it can also point out the key in the full text. Pay attention，it should not be too many，certainly not more than five，according to the logic of language.

The general choice of the keywords：after the completion of the thesis writing，selecting from its title，level of title and the text （the frequency of higher and more critical words）.

（1）Marxism Peaceful Development Theoretical Reflection

《Reflection on the road of Chinas peaceful development》.

（2）Mao Zedong Philosophic Seek truth from facts Chinese characteristic

《The Chinese Characteristics of Mao Zedongs philosophical thought》

· Lexical features.

Use the words appropriately and rigorously. The abstract must have certain scientific nature，especially in some academic and professional terms，avoiding ambiguous words. They have to，therefore，according to certain facts.

Use the professional terms more.

Take the specialty as an example.

The essence of marxs concept of time is social time，time the understanding with persons practice，the productive labor involvement，from a object and subject dignity a unified perspective，enable the concept of time to become a basic category of ontology.

· Tense and voice of the abstract.

Its better to use the first person and the active voice less，using the third person and passive voice more in order to reflect the objective facts. The tense used should be consistent with the time of the occurrence of the events.

· The amount of abstract.

To be honest，the amount requirements are not too strict，however，its better not be less than 100 words and no more than 500 words. Generally between 200 to 300 is the most appropriate. We prefer quality to quantity.

5. The regular of the sign of authorship.

The authors name is placed under the title，when it comes to the group authors author，it can also be marked on the first page of the foot position.

Notes on translating authors and their names.

①Do not take abbreviations when translating，from small to full capital，with the address and zip code，its ensure the contact easily.

②Translation on the unity name，its better use the unit of the unified translation.

③The name of the author，according to the Chinese phonetic spelling，the use of surname before the name，however，the opposite is true between English and Chinese，adding the middle of the space，the surname of all the letters are large characters.

Hua LI，Xi-he ZHANG，Ying ZHUGE

6. The detail we should pay attention to.

①Do not repeat the information already appearing in the title.

②The text should be simple，and it should be excluded from the subject area that has become common sense content，and should be removed meaningless or unnecessary words； The contents of the text should not be listed in the abstract； We need not introduce the research process.

③The abstract must be complete and can not be the main content omitted in the paper，it should be written in a way that can be used independently.

④Abstract is generally not fragment，it should not be written in a column style. The statement should be objective，the research process，methods and results should not be subjectively evaluate，it should not be compared with other peoples research shows.