大連地區雷暴大風探空資料和雷達回波特征分析

劉曉初 李瀟瀟 李燕 李雪松 黃振

摘要利用加密自動站、探空、天氣雷達等資料對2011—2016年5—9月大連地區的16個雷暴大風過程進行研究，分析了雷暴大風發生前的探空特征、雷達回波演變特征以及雷達產品識別指標。結果表明，按照雷達回波形態演變，將雷暴大風劃分為低層徑向速度大值區、單體型和弓狀型3種類型，影響大連地區最多的是低層徑向速度大值區型雷暴大風。探空資料方面，單體型和弓狀型雷暴大風發生前均顯示一定程度的層結不穩定和中等強度對流有效位能，尤其是低層充沛的水汽條件；單體型和弓狀型大風均產生在中等強度垂直風切變條件下。3種類型大風的雷達產品特征有一定差異。對單體型雷暴大風的預警難度較大，對弓狀型雷暴大風可以做到提前1 h以內的預警。

關鍵詞雷暴大風；探空資料；雷達回波；雷達產品；大連地區

中圖分類號S165文獻標識碼A文章編號0517-6611（2017）11-0176-06

AbstractUsing the data of encrypted automatic station， sounding， weather radar and so on， 16 thunderstorm gales were studied in Dalian area from May to September during 2011-2016.The characteristics of sounding， radar echo evolution and radar product identification index were analyzed before thunderstorm gale.The results showed that the thunderstorm gales were divided into three types： the lowelevation radial velocity high value region，the haplotype and the arcuate type according to the radar echo evolution. The lowlevel radial velocity high value region type was most frequently observed in Dalian area.In the case of sounding data， both the haplotype and arcuate thunderstorm gale showed a certain degree stratified instability and moderate intensity convective potential energy， especially the abundant water vapor conditions in the lower layer.The haplotype and arcuate gale were produced under moderateintensity vertical wind shear conditions. There were some differences in the characteristics of the radar products of the three types of winds.The warning of haplotype thunderstorm gale was more difficult，the arcuate thunderstorm gale could be done within one hour ahead of the warning.

Key wordsThunderstorm gale；Sounding data；Radar echo；Radar products；Dalian area

雷暴大風是由對流風暴產生的龍卷以外的地面直線型大風，風速≥17 m/s[1-2]。雷暴大風具有空間尺度小、突發性強、破壞力大等特點，一直是預報預警的重點和難點。強對流天氣臨近預報（0～2 h）主要依靠加密自動站、衛星云圖、天氣雷達、閃電定位儀等觀測設備對風暴單體演變進行觀測分析[2]，對風暴未來強度和移向移速的變化進行判斷做出預警。另外，作為強對流潛勢預報[3-4]中的重要資料，探空資料能夠反映強對流天氣發生前周圍大氣垂直方向上的溫濕結構。某些物理量的差異能夠一定程度上表征特定中尺度環境下某種強對流天氣更容易發生?！?br>